Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/674

644 J E S J E S great increase in the Jewish population, which has risen in that time from 3000 to over 10,000 souls. According to a consular estimate in 1872, the population was as follows, the total agreeing very closely with an independent estimate by Frere Lievin the Franciscan : Jews (Seph- ardim, 4600; Ashkenazim, 6000), 10,600; Moslems, 5000; Christians, 5300; total, 20,900. At Easter this population is increased by about 5000 pilgrims, who crowd the narrow streets until they are almost impassable. Throughout the year there are gene rally about 100 pilgrims in the Russian hospice. The num ber of Jews is said to be increasing at the rate of 1200 to 1500 souls per annum, chiefly though fresh arrivals from Russia and Poland. A building-club has been established and 130 houses erected in four years by the Jews, outside the walls. Along the Jaffa road many country villas have also been erected of late by European residents as summer abodes. A very large majority of the Christians in Jerusalem are either priests, monks, or nuns. The majority belong to the Greek Orthodox church (about 2800 souls). The Greek patriarch has a province including all Palestine, with ten bishops, viz., of Nazareth, Acre, Kerak, Tabor, Bethlehem, Lydda, Gaza, Nablus, Es Salt, and Sebastieh, the last five being residents in Jerusalem. The Russian cathedral is presided over by an archimandrite with two assistant priests and a deacon. The Latins in Palestine are not numerous, the country villages when Christian belonging generally to the Greek church. The Latin priests and monks are principally Jesuits and Franciscans. The number of Latins in Jeru salem is about 1500. Their churches are the cathedral of St Saviour, close to the patriarchate on the west, and the chapel of the Flagellation. They have established also many useful institutions, including a boys school for 150 and a girls school for 100 pupils. The number of Armenian and Greek Catholics together does not exceed 50 souls. The orthodox Armenians are the richest sect in the city, numbering about 500. Great numbers of Armenian pilgrims visit the city, and their hospice (for 2000) is the largest in Jerusalem. Their principal church is that of St James on Sion. The Pro testants (about 300) belong to the English Church and the Lutheran. The bishopric was established by England and Prussia in 1841. The mission to the Jews was established in 1824, and supports a hospital and church with resident chaplain and parsonage, a boys school, and other institutions. There are also several German institu tions, including a girls school and an orphanage outside the walls. The remaining Christian sects, Copts, Syrians, and Abyssiniuns, number only about 200 souls. For tlie Jews in Jerusalem see JEWS, page 686 of the present volume. The streets of Jerusalem at Easter present a strange spectacle from the numerous national costumes seen together. The European tourist, the Turkish nizam, the hooded Armenian, the long-haired Greek monk, are mingled with the native peasants in yellow turbans and striped mantles, with Armenian pilgrims wearing broad red sashes, Jews in Oriental costume or with the fur cap and lovelocks of the Pharisee, Russians in knee boots and padded robes, and native ladies in white mantles with black face veils. The architecture of the city, Oriental, Gothic, Byzantine, or Italian, tells the same story that Jerusalem has been for eighteen centuries a holy city in the eyes of Jew, Christian, and Moslem alike, and the religious centre of half the world. (c. E. c.) Literature. For the oldest period the Bible is the only source ; for the city of Herod Joseplms, to whom classical authors (Strabo, Tacitus) add little. The Talmudic material has been collected by Neubauer, Geographic du Talmud, Paris, 1868 ; comp. Schwarz s Palestine (pXH niNIZin, 1845; Eng. transl., Philadelphia, 1850; German transl., 1852). The materials for Christian Jerusalem in patristic literature, histories, and pilgrimages are immense. The best list is Tobler s Bibliograplda, Gcographica Palestine, Leips., 1867, with the supplement (1875) for 383-1000 A.D. See also A. B. M Grigor s Index of Passages bearing upon the Topography from Writings prior to the ~Lth century, Glasgow, 1876. The Arabic sources have hitherto been imperfectly utilized. Of the more ancient Istakhry and Mokaddasy (988 A.i>. ), on whom Yaki it and Kazwini mainly depend, deserve special notice. For Arabic works on Jerusalem see H. Khalifa, ii. 139. Recent writers have chiefly followed two very modern works, the Uns Jalil of Mujir ed Din (1494 A.I)., see H. Kh., i. 453), of which extracts are given by Williams (vol. i., app. 2), and by Sauvaire (Hist, de Jerusalem, ct d Hebron, 1876), and the Ithaf cl Ahissa or Kemal ed Din (1470 A.D., see H. Kh., i. 148), which through an error of the translator Reynolds (Lond. , 1836) is often ascribed to the famous Jelal ed Din (Soyuty). This book by no means deserves the authority attached to it by English writcis. Results of recent research are embodied in the ordnance survey map, 1865 ; Zimmermann s maps, 1876, 1880; Warren s Recovery of Jerusalem, 1871. Of the innumerable topographical discussions (excluding works specially devoted to the Temple and Holy Sepulchre) may be named Reland, Palxstitia, 1714; Olshausen, Zur TopO(jra2)hic dcs alien Jerusalem, 1833 ; Fergusson, Topography of Jerusalem, 1847; Robinson, Biblical Researches; Thrupp, Ancient Jerusalem, 1855 ; Lewin, Siege of Jerusalem by Titus, 1863 ; Williams, The Holy City, 2d ed., 1849; Furrer, Wandcrungen, 1865; Id., "Jeru salem" in Schenkel s Bib. Lex. For the history see Williams, op. cit., and Besant and Palmer, Jerusalem, 1871 (from crusading and Arabic sources). Socin-Badekcr s Handbook deserves special notice. JESI, a city in the circle and province of Ancona, Italy, is situated on a slight eminence on the left bank of the Esino, 17 miles west-south-west of Ancona, with which it is connected by rail. It is surrounded by a wall with towers. Thi streets, of which the Corso is the finest, are fairly good, and contain several noteworthy buildings, including a theatre and several churches. The cathedral, restored in the 18th century, is dedicated to St Septimius the martyr, who was first bishop of the see in 308. Jesi possesses a hospital and several benevolent institutions, besides a seminary, a lyceum, a communal college, and other educational establishments. It is one of the most active industrial towns of the province. Its manufactures include silk and woollen stockings, paper, cordage, leather, vfcc. ; and it carries on trade in wine, oil, and grain. Jesi takes its title of " royal " city from having been the birth place of the emperor Frederick II. in 1194. The popula tion is 11,469. Jesi represents the Roman culony and municipium JEsis (in Strabo, ^Esium}, which traces a traditional origin to the Pelasgi. Vestiges of Roman remains render improbable the opinion that, after teing destroyed during the barbarian invasion of Italy, the town was removed to a new site. Jesi was a bone of contention between the Longobardi and the Byzantine exarchs, who alternately possessed it. Ultimately it fell into the hands of the Franks. During the early Middle Ages it enjoyed prosperity under Frederick II. and his immediate successors; but about the beginning of the 14th cen tury it began to have its full share of internal and external troubles. It passed into the power of the Holy See in the pontificate of Nicholas V. (1447-1455) ; under Napoleon it figured ;.s a vice-pre fecture; and in 1860 it v.as incorporated with the kingdom of Italy. JESSE, EDWARD (1780-1868), a writer on natural history, was born 14th January 1780, at Hutton Cranswick, Yorkshire, where his father was vicar. He became clerk in one of the Government offices in 1798, and for a time was secretary to Lord Dartmouth, when president of the Board of Control, through whom he also received an office at court. In Ibl2 he was appointed commissioner of