Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/686

656 J E S J E 8 by the Ferry laws of 1880, though they have been quietly returning since the execution of those measures. In Spain they came back with Ferdinand VII., but were expelled at the constitutional rising in 1820, returning in 1823, when the duke of Angouleme s army replaced Ferdinand on his throne ; they were driven out once more by Espartero in 1835, and have had no legal position since. In Portugal, ranging themselves on the side of Don Miguel, they fell with his cause, and were exiled in 1834. Russia, which had been their warmest patron, drove them from St Petersburg and Moscow in 1813, and from the whole empire in 1820, mainly on the plea of attempted proselytizing in the imperial army. Holland drove them out in 1816, and, by giving them thus a valid excuse for aiding the Belgian revolution of 1830, secured them the strong position they have ever since held i;i Belgium. They were expelled from Switzerland in 1847-48 for the part they had taken in exciting the war of the Souderbund. In South Germany, inclusive of Austria and Bavaria, their annals since their restoration have been unevent ful ; but in North Germany, owing to the footing Frederick II. had given them in Prussia, they became very powerful, especially in the Rhine provinces, and, gradually moulding the younger genera tion of clergy after the close of the War of Liberation, succeeded in spreading Ultramontane views amongst them, and so leading up to the difficulties with the civil Government which issued in the Falk laws, and their own expulsion by decree of the German parliament, June 19, 1872. In Great Britain, whither they began to straggle over during the revolutionary troubles at the close of the last century, and where, practically unaffected by the clause directed against them in the Emancipation Act of 1829, their chief settlement has been at Stonyhurst in Lancashire, an estate conferred on them by Mr Weld in 1795, they have been un molested ; but there has been little affinity to the order in the British temperament, and the English province has conse quently never risen to numerical or intellectual importance in the society. In Rome itself, its progress after the restoration was at first slow, and it was not till the reign of Leo XII. (1823-29) that it recovered its place as the chief educational body there. It advanced steadily under Gregory XVI., and, though it was at first shunned by Pius IX., it secured his entire confidence after his return from Gaeta in 1849, and obtained from him a special brief erecting the staff of its literary journal, the Civilta Cattolica, into a perpetual college under the general of the Jesuits, for the purpose of teaching and propagating the faith in its pages. How, with this pope s support throughout his long reign, and the gradual filling of nearly all the sees of Latin Christendom with bishops of their own selection, they contrived to stamp out the last remains of independ ence everywhere, and to crown the Ultramontane triumph with the Vatican decrees, is matter of familiar knowledge. The society has been ruled by twenty-two generals and four vicars from its foundation to the present day; and the most notable fact to signalize with reference to them is that, of all the various nationa lities represented in the company, France, its original cradle, has never given it a head, while Spain, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Ger many, and Poland were all represented. The numbers of the society at present are not accurately known, but are estimated at about 6000 in all pails of the world. The generals ot the Jesuits have been as follows : 1. Inigo de Loyola (Spaniard) 1541-1556 2. Diego Layncz (Spaniard) 1558-1565 3. Francisco Borgia ( Spaniard) 1565-1572 4. Eberhard Mercurian (Belgian) 1573-1580 5. Claudio Acqua viva (Neapolitan) 1581-1615 6. Mutio Vitelleschi (Roman) 1615-1645 7. Vincenzio Caraffa (Neapolitan) 1646-1649 8. Francesco Piccolomini ( Florentine) 1649-1651 9. Alessandro Gottofredi (Roman) 1652 10. Goswin Nickel (German) . 1652-1664 11. Giovanni Paolo Oliva (Genoese) vicar-general and coadjutor, 1661 ; general .... 1664-1681 12. Charles von Noyelle (Belgian) 1682-1686 13. Tirso Gonzalez (Spaniard) 1687-1705 14. Michele Angelo Tanibmini (Modem-se) 1706-1730 15. Franz Retz (Bohemian) 1730-1750 1 6 . Ignazio Visconti (Milanese) 1751-1755 17. Alessandro Centurioni (Genoese) 1755-1757 18. Lorenzo Ricci (Florentine) 1758-1775 a. Stanislaus Czerniewicz (Pole), vicar-general. ...1782-1785 b. Gabriel Lienkiewicz (Pole), ,, ...1785-179S c. Franciscus Xavier Kareu (Pole), (general in Russia, 7th March 1801) 1799-1802 d. Gabriel Gruber (German) 1802-1805 19. Thaddfeus Brzozowski ( Pole) 1 805-1820 20. Aloysio Fortis (Veronese) 1820-1829 21. Johannes Roothaan (Dutchman) :... 1829-1853 22. Peter Johannes Beckx (Belgian) 1853 The bibliography of Jesuitism is of enormous extent, and it is impracticable to cite more than a few of the most important woiks. They are as follows: Institutum Societatis Jesti, 7 vols., Avignon, 1830-3$; Orlandini, Historic! Societatis Jestt, Antwerp, 1620; Imago 1 rimi Sieculi Societatis Jesii, Antwerp, 1640; Nier- embcrK, Villa de San Ignacio de Loyola, 9 vols. fol., Madrid, 1645-1736 ; (Jcnelli, Life of St Ignatius of Loyola, London, 1872; Backer, Ilibliotheque des Ecrirainx de la Compagnie de Jesus, 7 vols., Paris, 18S3-C1 ; Cretincau Joly, Ilistoirc de. 1 Compagnie de Jesus, 6 vols., Paris, 1844; Guette e, Ilistoire, des Jesuites,3 vols.. Paris, 1858-59; Stewart Hose, Ignatius Loyola and the Early Jesuits, London, 1871; Wolff, Allgemeine Geschichle der Jesiiiten, 4 vols., Zurich, 1789-J12 ; Paik- man, Pioneers of France, in the New World, and The Jesuits in North America, Boston, 1868 ; Lettres Edifiantes et Cu.rieuses, e crites des Missions Etrangeref, arec les Annales dela Propagation de la. Foi, 40 vols., Lyons, 1811)-f>4 ; Saint-Pries , Histoire de la Chute des Jesuites au XVIII Siecle, Paris, 1844; Kanke, Romiscbe. I iipste, 3 vols., lierlin, 1838; and Cartwright, The Jesuits, their Constitution and Teaching, London. 187C. (U. K. L.) JESUS CHRIST rPHE Christian religion, besides its natural and spiritual _L elements, lias also an historical element. It believes that, in accordance with a Divine purpose, prophesied at the very dawn of human life, God was manifest in the flesh in the man Christ Jesus. The actual life of Jesus on earth is but the central part of a scheme which, in the belief of Christians, extends through all the ages. Our present object is merely to furnish a brief sketch of that life as it appears in the full light of history, without entering into the numberless collateral questions which it offers for con sideration, a task which in these limits is obviously im possible. I. The word Jesus is the form assumed in Latin by the Greek lesous, which is the transliterated form of the Hebrew Jehoshua, Jeshua, or Joshua, meaning " Jehovah is salvation." In one or other of its forms the name is found in many passages of the Old Testament. It was not, however, borne by any person who rose to historic eminence between the days of Joshua the son of Nun and the high priest Joshua who was the colleague of Zerubbabel at the return from the exile. The prominent position held by Joshua in the later prophetic books seems to have made the name popular. We find frequent traces of it after the exile. 1 During the Hellenizing period, which excited so deep an indignation among patriotic Jews, many of the 1 Jos., Ant. xii. 5, 1 and 10, 6, xv. 3, 1 ; Ecclus., prol., 1. 27, &c. bearers of the name preferred to adopt the purely Greek analogon Jason, 2 and the name occurs in this form in the New Testament also. 3 Later on it became one of the commonest Jewish names which we find in the New Testa ment, 4 and again and again in Josephus. 5 There is some reason for believing that the name of Bar Abbas was also " Jesus," although it may have disappeared from the chief manuscripts, partly from feelings of reverence, partly from the mistaken fancy of Origen that we find no sinner among all those who had borne the name. 6 But the name, though common, was meant to be deeply significant of the work for which Jesus was born into the world namely, to save His people from their sins ; and for this reason, in the account of the Annunciation, as given by St Luke (i. 31), His mother is expressly bidden to call her babe by this name. 7 2 1 Mace. viii. 17, xii. 16 ; 2 Mace. ii. 19, iv. 7 ; Jos., Ant., xii. 10, 6. The Greek Jason was connected with ldo/j.ai, and the Greek fathers by a play on words of which traces may be found even in the New Testament (Acts ix. 34, x. .38) connect the name Jesus with the. same root (Euseb. , Dem. Evang., iv. ). 3 Acts xvii. 5 ; Rom. xvi. 21. 4 Acts xiii. 6, xvii. 5, xviii. 7 ; Rom. xvi. 21 ; Col. iv. 11. 5 Jos., Ant., xv. 9, 2, xvii. 13, 1, xx. 9, 1 ; B. J., iii. 9, 7, iv. 3, 9, vi. 5, 5; Vit., 22. 6 In MS. S. the reading is said to be found in " exceedingly ancient MSS." It is now chiefly found in some cursive MSS., and th* Armenian and Syriac versions. See Origen on Matt, xxvii. 16. 7 In Matt, i, 21 the same command is given to Joseph. For the