Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/705

j E W J E W 675 Malchus to be the earlier. He was said to have struck Jesus with an iron bar, and to have been condemned to walk until judgment-day around a subterranean column, against which he often dashes his head in the vain hope of death. The respect shown by peasants to persons pretending to be the Wandering Jew was such as might have been expected for Cain with a mark upon his brow defending him from the hand of man. Such a mark was indeed supposed to be on the Wandering Jew s forehead. Xemola says it was a red cross concealed by a black bandage, on which account the Inquisition vainly tried to find him. While persecuting actual Jews, the peasantry had some compassion for this imaginary one, and in some parts of Germany two harrows were sometimes left in the field, set up together with teeth downward, it being believed that so the wanderer might obtain a night s rest. The Wandering Jew has been a favourite subject of poetry and romance. Goethe (Dichtuny und Wahrheit, xv.) has given the. scheme of a dramatic poem on the theme which he had contem plated. It has been dealt with by C. F. D. Schubart, Dcr eicige Judc, 1787; A. "W. Schlegel, Warming, 1811; Aloys Schrcibcr, Dcr cwige Judo, 1807; W. Miiller, Wandcrliedcrn, 1830; Edgar Quinet, Ahasuerus, 1833; Chamisso, Ncuer Ahasucr, 1836; F. Hauttral, Ahasueriad, 1838; Julius Mosen, Ahasuer, 1838; Ludwig Kohler, Dcr ncuc Ahasucr, 1841; Nicolas Lenau, Ahasucr, 1843. H. C. Andersen, Ahasuerus, 1847 ; E. Grenier, La mart du Juif-Errant, 1857. Beranger (1831) and Wordsworth have written lyrical poems on the subject. Shelley evokes the Wandering Jew six times, notably in his Queen Mab. In 1812 a comedy based on the legend by Craignez was performed in Paris. Klingemann s tragedy Ahasuerus (1827) was successful as a play. Eugene Sue s romance (1844), which stimulated popular interest in the legend, has also been often acted. Several German novels have been founded on the legend, the most important being those of Franz Horn, Th. Oelckers, and F. Laun. In England, where the legend had been made familiar by the ballad in Percy s Reliques, there was acted at Drury Lane, in 1797, a comedy by Andrew Franklin, entitled The Wandering Jew, or Love s Masquerade. George Croly s novel Salatliicl is on this subject. See Dr J. G. Th. Griisse, Die Sage vom Ewigcn Juden, historiscli entwickelt, &c., Dresd. and Leipsic, 1844; Herzog s Real- Encydopadie; Friedrich Helbig, Die Sage vom "JSu-igcn Juden," ihre practische Wandlung und Fortbildung, Berlin, 1874; C. Schocbel, La legcnde du Juif-Errant, Paris, 1877 ; Gaston Paris, Le Juif-Errant, Paris, 1880. (M. D. C.) JEWEL, or JEWELL, JOHN (1522-1571), bishop of Salisbury, was born May 24th 1522, at Berry Narbor, near Ilfracombe, Devonshire. At the age of thirteen he entered Merton College, Oxford, where he had for tutor John Parkhurst, afterwards bishop of Norwich, from whom his mini received a bias towards Protestantism. Becoming tutor in Corpus Christi College in 1539, he in his turn took the opportunity of inculcating Protestant principles on his pupils; and in 1546 he received an allowance from a private fund instituted for the benefit of indigent scholars who publicly professed the doctrines of the Reformed faith. After the accession of Mary in 1553 he was expelled by the fellows from the college on account of his opinions, and in a moment of weakness he was induced to sign his adherence to a form of doctrine essentially Romanistic. He, however, speedily repented of his momentary faithlessness to his convictions, and in order to escape the penalties of martyrdom he fled in 1555 to Frankfort, where he publicly abjured his former recantation. On the death of Mary he returned to England. He was one of the learned Protestant doctors appointed to dispute before Elizabeth at Westminster with a like number of Catholics. In the beginning of 1560 he was created bishop of Salisbury, and in the same year he published, with the sanction of the queen and bishops, his Apologia Ecdesice Anglicanx, which was in fact an argument against the decision of the pope to exclude the Reformers from the council of Trent, convoked to be held in December of that year. The work, as was to be expected, excited very great attention at the time ; it was condemned at the meeting of the council, who appointed two divines to reply to its arguments. It was translated into English by Anna, wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and Elizabeth ordered that a copy of it should be chained in every parish church in England. Its chief English opponent was Thomas Harding, who in 1565 published a Confutation of the Apology, to which Jewel replied in 1567 by the Defence of the Apology. The general argument of Jewel is that unity or predominance of opinion is not a test of truth, and, although he denied that Rome had the support of the fathers, he rested his general case on the fact that the foundation on which the Church of England was built was not that of the fathers but of the apostles and Jesus Christ. His views were strongly anti-sacramentarian, as he held that the Lord s Supper had nothing more than a commemorative use. Jewel died suddenly at Monkton Farleigh, a small village in his diocese, September 22, 1571. Joannis Juelli vita et mors, T, Humfrcdo autore, was published at London in 1573. The Apology, translated with notes and life by Isaacson, appeared in 1823, and the other biographies of Jewel are one by Le Bas in the Theological Library, 1835, and a short sketch published by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 1850. His works, which are mostly controversial, were collected by Dr R. W. Jelf, and published in 8 vols. at Oxford, 1848. JEWELLERY (Latin, gaudium; French, joucl, joyau). plates Personal ornamencs appear to have been among the very XL, XI] first objects on which the invention and ingenuity of man were exercised ; and there is no record of any people so rude as not to employ some kind of personal decoration. Natural objects, such as small shells, dried berries, small perforated stones, feathers of variegated colours, were com bined by stringing or tying together to ornament the head, neck, arms, and legs, the fingers, and even the toes, whilst the cartilages of the nose and ears were frequently perfor ated for the more ready suspension of suitable ornaments. Amongst modern Oriental nations we find almost every kind of personal decoration, from the simple caste mark on the forehead of the Hindu to the gorgeous examples of beaten gold and silver work of the various cities and provinces of India. Nor are such decorations mere orna ments without use or meaning. The hook with its cor responding perforation or eye, the clasp, the buckle, the button, grew step by step into a special ornament, according to the rank, means, taste, and wants of the wearer, or became an evidence of the dignity of office. That these ornaments were considered to have some representative purpose even after death is abundantly proved ; for it is in truth to the tombs of the various ancient peoples that we must look for evidence of the early existence of the jeweller s art. That the Ass yrians used personal decorations of a very distinct character, and possibly made of precious materials, is proved by the bas reliefs. In the British Museum we have a representation of Samsi Vul IV., king of Assyria (825 B.C.). He wears a cross (Plate XI. fig. 1) very similar to the Maltese cross of modern times. The still more ancient Egyptian jewellery is distinctly brought before us by the objects themselves, placed with the embalmed bodies of the former wearers in sarcophagi, only to be opened in our own time. The most remarkable collection of Egyptian art in this direction is to be found in the jewellery taken from the coffin of Queen Aah-hotep, discovered by M. Mariette in the entrance to the valley of the Tombs of the Kings in 1859, and now preserved in the Buldk museum. In these objects we find the same ingenuity and perfect mastery of the materials as characterize the monumental work of the Egyptians. Hammered work, incised and chased work, the evidence of soldering, the combination of layers of gold plates, together with coloured stones, are all there, the handicraft being complete in every respect.