Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/723

J E Z J H A 689 the place. The city is well provided with hospitals, dispensaries, alms-houses, and schools. One of the most interesting antiquities of the state is the Hindu observatory in the capital, erected by the founder of the city. 1 The population in 1870 was 137,847. JEZREEL (^snt ), the well-known capital of the Israelite monarchy under Ahab. Its site has never been lost, and the present village Zerln retains the name radically unchanged. In Greek the name appears under the form Ea-Spar/Xd (Stradela in the Itiner. Hieros.), and to the crusaders the place was known as Parvum Gerinum. The modern village stands at the north extremity of a long ledge terminating in steep cliffs forming part of the chain of Mount Gilboa, east of the plain of Esdraelon. The top of the swell is 500 feet above the broad northern valley ; the knoll on which the stone village is built is bare and rocky ; the buildings are apparently modern, but numerous ancient cisterns and scattered sarcophagi, lying on the hill side, mark the antiquity of the site. The view over the plains from Beisan on the east to Carmel on the west, and from the Samaritan hills on the south to the mountains of Galilee on the north, is fine and extensive. No vineyards now exist, but rock-cut wine presses occur east of the village, perhaps marking the site of Naboth s vineyard (1 Kings xxi. 1). The fountain mentioned in the Bible (1 Sam. xxix. 1) is very probably the fine spring c Ain el Meiyiteh north of the village, a shallow pool of good water full of small fish, rising between black basalt boulders. A very large spring, Ain. Jalud or Jalut (Yakut, iii. 760), exists in the valley of Jezreel (Josh. xvii. 16) north of the hill. A second city called Jezreel existed in the tribe of Judah, somewhere near Hebron (Josh. xv. 56). JHALAWAR, a state in Rajputana, under the political superintendence of the Rajputana agency and the Govern ment of India, mainly consisting of two separate areas. The larger is bounded on the N. by the state of Kotah ; on the E. by Sindhia s territory and a detached district of the Tonk state ; on the S. by the petty state of Rajgarh, a detached district of the Dewas state, and the state of Jaora ; and on the W. by detached tracts belonging to Sindhia and Holkar. This portion lies between 23 48 and 24 48 N. lat., and between 75 55 and 77 E. long. The lesser detached area is bounded on the N., E., and S. by the Gwalior state, and on the W. by Kotah, and lies between 25 5 and 25 25 N. lat., and 76 55 and 77 25 E. long. The main portion of Jhalawar is situated on a raised plateau. The northern, eastern, and part of the southern portions are very hilly, and intersected by numerous streams. The hills are for the most part covered with timber and grass, and frequently enclose lakes. The rest of this tract is a rich undulating plain, dotted with evergreen trees. The soil generally is very rich, consisting in great part of dark clayey mould, which produces valuable crops. Of the many streams running through the territory, the most important are the Parwau, with its tributary the Newaj ; the Kali Sind, with its tributary the Au ; and the Chhota Kali Sind. The population in 1875 was 226,000, of whom the majority were Hindus. The area of the whole state is 2500 square miles. In Jhalawar all the ordinary Indian grains are cultivated, and in the soutliern districts opium is extensively grown. In the rest of the state wheat and opium are the chief crops, except in Shahabad, 1 On the summit of a range of hills, about a mile and a half east of Jeypore town, is a sacred shrine called the "Gulta," where there is a temple dedicated to "Surya," or the Sun-god. Below the platform a spring issues, which pours over the rock by a fall of 70 feet into the valley below. The water of this spring is considered peculiarly sacred by the Brahmans. where Idjra is chiefly produced. .Irrigation is principally carried on by means of wells. Near Jhalra 1 atan, the capital, there is a large artificial lake, from which water is drawn by a channel 2 miles long. In 1876, 507,418 acres, or barely two-fifths of the total area, were cultivated. The total revenue for 1876 was 174,719. The police number 100 horse and 2000 foot. Education is at present very backward in the state. In the districts the village priest teaches the young people. In the capital and cantonment there are schools in which Hindi, Urdu, and English are taught. The only metalled roads in the state are in the cantonment. All other roads are simply cart tracks, which in the rains are useless for wheel traffic. Opium is exported ; the imports are English cloths and grain. The chief towns are Jhalra Patan and the chhaoni or cantonment, Shahabad, and Kailwara. The climate resembles that of Central India, and is generally healthy. In the hot weather the thermometer ranges during the day from 85 to 83 Fahr. The temperature during the rains is cool and pleasant, and in the cold weather it is occasionally frosty. The ruling family of Jhalawar belongs to the Jhald clan of Kaj- puts, and their ancestors were petty chiefs of Halwad in the dis trict of Jhalawar, in Kathiawar. About 1709 one of the younger sons of the head of the clan left his country with his son to try his fortunes at Delhi. At Kotah he left his son Madhu Sinh, who soon got into great favour with the maharaja, and got from him an important post, which became hereditary. On the deathbed of one of the Kotah rajas, the country was left to the charge of Zalim Sinh, a descendant of Madhu Sinh. From that time Zah m Sinh was the real ruler of Kotah. He brought it to a wonderful state of prosperity, and under his administration, which lasted over forty-five years, the Kotah territory was respected by all parties. In 1838 it was resolved, with the consent of the chief of Kotah, to dismem ber the state, and to create the new principality of Jhalawar as a separate provision for the descendants of Zalim Sinh. The districts then severed from Kotah were considered to represent one-third (120,000) of the income of Kotah ; by treaty they acknowledged the supremacy of the British, and agreed to pay an annual tribute of 8000. Madan Sinh received the title of maharaja rand, and was placed on the same footing as the other chiefs in Rajputana. The present maharaja rand of Jhalawar has a force of 20 field and 75 other guns, 150 artillerymen, 425 cavalry, and 4400 infantry. JHANG, a British district in the lieutenant-governorship of the Punjab, India, between 30 35 and 32 4 X. lat.. and between 71 39 and 73 38 E. long., with an area of 5712 square miles. It forms the northern district of the Multan division, and is bounded on the N. by Shahpur and Gujranwala, on the W. by Dera Ismail Khan, and on the S.E. by Montgomery. It comprises an irregular triangle, artificially constituted for administrative purposes from portions of three separate tracts. Its eastern half embraces a large part of the high dorsal bridge in the Rechna Doab ; thence it stretches across the Chenab into the wedge of land between that stream and the Jhelum, whose waters unite a few miles below the town of Jhang ; while westward again the boundary runs beyond the joint river, far into the heart of the Sind Sagar Doab. The Ravi also bounds the district for a few miles along its southern edge. So artificial a tract can hardly be said to possess any common natural features of its own. Along the banks of the river strips of comparatively fertile lowland support a dense population. At the census of 1868 the population was 348,027 (193,624 males and 154,403 females). The Mahometans numbered 270,819; Hindus, 57,297; Sikhs, 2994; and "others," 16,917. Only three towns contain a population exceeding 5000 Jhang, 9124 ; Maghiana, 10,525 ; and Chiniot, 11,477. The area under cultivation in 1873 amounted to 241,325 acres, out of an assessed total of 3,650,867 acres. No crops can anywhere be grown without irrigation. Wheat, barley, gram, sarson, china, jodr, maize, and cotton form the staples of the district. Grain is imported. Country cloth is manufactured at Jhang and Maghiana, and bought up by the Po- winda merchants of Afghanistan. Manufactures of gold and silver lace also exist. The principal road from Multan to Wazirdbad passes through the chief towns in the district. A bridge of boats is in course of construction (1875) across the united stream of the Jhelum and the Chenab. Both rivers are navigable. The total revenue for 1873 was 49,302. The police force in 1872 numbered 503 men. In 1872 there were 32 Government and 123 native schools, with a joint roll of 3696 pupils. The district bears a good reputa tion for healthiness. Small-pox and fever form the most prevalent diseases. The average rainfall for the seven years ending 1872-73 was 10 inches. There are seven charitable dispensaries. XIII. --87