Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/737

j B J D 703 same, the meaning of the afflictions of the " servant " of the Lord. " My servant Job " may not be the same as " my righteous servant " of Isaiah, but there is no doubt national allusion in Job. The solution of the problem differs in the two. In Job sufferings are a trial of faith, which, successfully borne, issues in restoration. In Isaiah they are vicarious, borne by one element in the nation in behalf of the whole, and issuing in the national redemption. Two such solutions can scarcely be entirely contemporane ous. That of Isaiah is the profounder truth and may be the later, though certainty on such a point is of less con sequence than the- reflexion both solutions force upon us that this is the period in Israel s history at which the profoundest depths of religious thought were sounded. Between Job iii. and Jer. xx. 14 sq. there is certainly literary connexion. The judgment of different minds differs on the question which passage is dependent on the other. The language of Jeremiah has a natural pathos and genuineness of feeling in it, somewhat in contrast with the elaborate poetical finish of Job s words, which might suggest the originality of the former; and there is a growing feeling among many in favour of this view. At the same time a good deal remains yet to be said on both sides. The book of Job is not literal history, though it reposes on an historical tradition. To this tradition belong probably the name of Job and his country, and the names of his three friends, and perhaps also many other details impossible to specify particularly. The view that the book is entirely a literary creation with no basis in historical tradition is as old as the Talmud, in which a rabbi is cited who says, Job was not, and was not created, but is an allegory. And this view has still supporters, e.g., Hengstenberg. Pure poetical creations on so extensive a scale are not probable in the East and at so early an age. Author. The author of the book is wholly unknown. No literature has so many great anonymous works as that of Israel. The religious life of this people was at certain periods very intense, and at those times the spiritual energy of the nation expressed itself almost impersonally, through men who forgot themselves and were speedily forgotten in name by others. Hitzig conjectures that the author was a native of the north on account of the free criticism of providence which he allows himself. Others, on account of some affinities with the prophet Amos, infer that he belonged to the south of Judah, and this is supposed to account for his intimate acquaintance with the desert. Ewald considers that ho belonged to the exile in Egypt, on account of his minute acquaintance with that country. But all these conjectures localize an author whose knowledge was not confined to any locality, who was a true child of the East and familiar with life and nature in every country there, who was at the same time a true Israelite and felt that the earth was the Lord s and the fulness thereof, and whoso sympathies and thought took in all God s works. Literature. The literature of the book will be found fully given in Delitzseh s commentary, or in Lange s Bibchverk. A few more recent essays may be mentioned bearing on the criticism and the problem of the book : Hoekstra, "Job, de Knecht van Jehovah," in the Thcolog. Tijds., 1871, and in reply, Kuenen, "Job en de leidende Knecht van Jahvch," ibul., 1873; Studer, " Ueber die Integritat des Buches Hiob," in the Jahrb. filr Prot. Theologic, 1875, and Das Buck Hiob fur gcbildcte Laicn, Bremen, 1881 ; Budde, Bcitragc zur Kritik dcs B. Hiob, Bonn, 1876, with the review of Smend, Stud. u. Krit., 1878; Cheyne, "Job and the second part of Isaiah," Ixaiu.li, ii. p. 235 s?. (A. B. D.) JOB S TEARS. The seeds, or properly fruits of Job s tears, Coix lachryma, YTillcl., a species of grass, are con tained singly in a stony involucre or bract, which docs not open until the enclosed seed germinates. The young involucre SUIT mnds the female flower and the stalk support ing the spike of male flowers, and when ripe has the appearance of bluish white porcelain. Being shaped somewhat like a large drop of fluid, the form has sug gested the name Job s tears, or Lachryma Jobi, under which the plant has been long known. The seeds are esculent, but the involucres are the part chiefly used, for making necklaces and other ornaments. The plant is a native of the East Indies, and was cultivated by Gerard as a tender annual. JODHPUR, also called MARWAR, a native state in IUj- putdna, India, situated between 24 36 and 27 42 N. lat., and between 70 6 and 75 24 E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Bikaner and Jeypore states, on the E. by Jeypore and Kishangarh, on the S. by Sirohi and Palanpur states, and on the W. by the Rann of Kachchh (Runn of Cutch) and the British district of Thar and Parkar in Sind. The general aspect of the country is that of a sandy plain, divided into two unequal parts by the river Luni, and dotted with bold and picturesque conical hills, attain ing in places an elevation rising to 3000 feet. The river Luni is the principal feature in the physical aspects of Jodhpur. It takes its rise in the sacred lake of Pushkar in Ajmere, and flows through Jodhpur in a south-westerly direction till it is finally lost in the marshy ground at the head of the Runn of Cutch. It is- fed by numerous tributaries and occasionally overflows its banks, fine crops of wheat and barley being grown on the saturated soil. Its water is, as a rule, saline or brackish, but comparatively sweet water is obtained from wells sunk at a distance of 20 or 30 yards from the river bank. The famous salt-lake of Sambhar is situated on the borders of Jodhpur and Jeypore, and two smaller lakes of the same description lie within the limits of the district, from which large quantities of salt are annually extracted. Zinc is also obtained in considerable quantities, and marble is mined in the north of the state, and along the -south-east border. The population consists of Rahtor Rajputs (who form the ruling class), Charans, Bhats, Jats, Bishnawis, Minas, Bhils, and Bauris, with a small proportion of Mahometans. The Charans, a sacred race, hold large religious grants of land, and enjoy peculiar immunities as traders in local produce. The Bhats are by profession genealogists, but also engage in trade. The Minas, Bauris, and Bhils are predatory classes, but are employed in menial capacities. The Mahometans are principally soldiers. The natives, as a race, are enterprising and industrious, but the agricultural classes have to undergo great privations from poor fooJ, and often bad water. Marwari traders are to be found throughout the length and breadth of the peninsula. No census of the population has ever been taken, but it has roughly been estimated at about 2,850,000, of whom 86 per cent, are said to be Hindus, 10 per cent. Jains, and 4 per cent. Mahometans. The principal crops are pulses and millets, but wheat and barley are largely produced in the fertile tract watered by the Luni river. The manufactures comprise leather boxes and brass utensils ; and turbans and scarfs and a description of embroidered silk knotted thread arc specialities of the country. A large proportion of the population can read and write Hindi, including most ladies of good birth, which is believed to be peculiar to this state. Jodhpur town contains two good schools, one for the sons of chiefs and the higher classes, and the other for the children of tradespeople downwards. Every large village also has a school of its own, in which the verna cular is taught. The muharaja belongs to the Rahtor clan of Rajputs. The local historians relate that after the downfall of the Rahtor dynasty of Kanauj in 1194 at Sivaji, the grandson of Jai Chaud, the last king of Kanauj, entered Manvar on a pilgrimage to Dwarka, and on halting at the town of Pali he and liis followers settled there to protect the Brahman community frorn the constant raids of marauding bands. The Rahtor chief thus laid the foundation of the state, but it was not till the time of Rao Chanda, the tenth in succession from Sivaji, that Marwar was actually conquered. His grandson Jodha founded the city of Jodhpur, which he made his