exports from J oh ore are gambler and catechu, black pepper, timber, rattans, and dammar ; but the soil and climate are well fitted for the growth of sugar-cane, rice, tobacco, coffee, and similar products, and the rajah is pro moting the formation of regular plantations. The town of Johore is a flourishing little settlement 15 miles north-east of Singapore, in 1 26"N. lat. and 103 47 E. long. A school where English is taught has been founded in the town by the rajah, who also maintains a similar institution in Singapore. The population of the country, exclusive of the tribes of the interior, is estimated at 100,000, the greater number being Malays and Chinese. It was the present rajah s grandfather Abdulrahman Tumongong of Rio, Singapore, and Johore who ceded Singapore to the British. The dynasty is the continuation of the sultans of Malacca, who retired to Johore on the conquest of their capital in 1311 by Albuquerque. Bokhari, author of Makota Raja Raja, one of the most remarkable produc tions in the Malay tongue, was a native of Johore.
JOIGNY, chief town of an arrondissement in the depart ment of Yonne, France, is situated on the right bank of the Yonne, about 12 miles north-west of Auxerre. Its streets are steep and narrow ; some of the houses are of wood, and date from the 15th or 16th century. Joigny has tribunals of first instance and commerce, a communal college, a library with 9000 volumes, and a civil and military hospital, and manufactures cloth, hunting and other arms, percussion- caps, leather, cooper work, and brandy. It has also trade in cereals, cattle, and wood, and in an excellent variety of wine, produced in the neighbourhood. The chief buildings are the old and interesting churches of St Andrew, St John, and St Thibaut; the ruins of the old castle of the 10th century; the partly destroyed later castle; the large 10th century tower beside the prison ; the hotel-de-ville, of 1727; the palais-de-justice, including the fine chapel of the Ferrands ; the college ; and the stone bridge of seven arches. Of the former massive fortifications, St John s gate and the moat are the chief remains. The population in 1876 was 5975. Joigny, in Latin Joviniacum, is held to have been founded by Flavins Jovinius, magister cqnitum under the emperor Valentinian (364 A.D. ). It gave its name to an important line of mediaeval counts (whence sprang the counts of Joinville), who about 1716 merged in the dukes of Villeroy. JOINERY. See BUILDING, vol. iv. p. 485. JOINT, in law, as applied to obligations, estates, &c., implies that the rights in question relate to the aggregate of the parties joined. Obligations to which several are parties may be several, i.e., enforceable against each independently of the others, or joint, i.e., enforceable only against all of them taken together, or joint and several, i.e., enforceable against each or all at the option of the claimant. So an interest or estate given to two or more persons for their joint lives continues only so long as all the lives are in existence. Joint-tenants are co-owners who take together at the same time, by the same title, and without any difference in the quality or extent of their respective interests ; and when one of the joint-tenants dies his share, instead of going to his own heirs, lapses to his co-tenants by survivorship. This estate is therefore to be carefully distinguished from tenancy in common, when the co-tenants have each a separate interest which on death passes to the heirs and not to the surviving tenants. When several take an estate together any words or facts implying severance will prevent the tenancy from being construed as joint. JOINTS, in the sense in which engineers use the word, may be classed either (a) according to their material, as in stone or brick, wood, or metal; or (6) according to their object, to prevent leakage of air, steam, or water, or to transmit force, which may be thrust, pull, or shear ; or (c) according as they are stationary or moving (" working " in technical language). Many joints, like those of shlp- plates and boiler-plates, have simultaneously to fulfil both objects mentioned under (&). All stone joints of any consequence are stationary. It being uneconomical to dress the surfaces of the stones resting on each other smoothly and so as to be accurately flat, a layer of mortar or other cementing material is laid between them. This hardens and serves to transmit the pressure from stone to stone without its being concentrated at the "high places." If the ingredients of the cement are chosen so that when hard the cement has about the same coefficient of compressibility as that of the stone or brick, the pressure will be nearly uniformly distributed. The cement also adheres to the surfaces of the stone or brick, and allows a certain amount of tension to be borne by the joint. It likewise prevents the stones slipping one on the other, i.e., it gives the joint very considerable shearing strength. The composition of the cement is chosen according as it has to " set " in air or water. The joints are made impervious to air or water by " pointing " their outer edges with a superior quality of cement. Wood joints are also nearly all stationary. Lignum vitae is still used by engineers for the one half of some special working joints, but even in these few instances its use is rapidly dying out. Wood joints are made partially fluid- tight by "grooving and tenoning," and by "caulking" with oakum or similar material. If the wood is saturated with water, it swells, the edges of the joints press closer together, and the joints become tighter the greater the water-pressure is which tends to produce leakage. Relatively to its weaker general strength, wood is a better material than iron so far as regards the transmission of a thrust past a joint. So soon as a heavy pressure comes on the joint all the small irregularities of the surfaces in contact are crushed up, and there results an approximately uniform distribution of the pressure over the whole area (i.e., if there be no bending forces), so that no part of the material is unduly stressed. To attain this result the abutting surfaces should be well fitted together, and the bolts binding the pieces together should be arranged so as to ensure that they will not interfere with the timber surfaces coming into this close contact. Owing to its weak shearing strength on sections parallel to the fibre, timber is peculiarly unfitted for tension joints. If the pieces exerting the pull are simply bolted together with wooden or iron bolts, the joint cannot be trusted to transmit any considerable force with safety. The stresses become intensely localized in the immediate neighbourhood of the bolts. A tolerably strong timber tension-joint can, however, be made by making the two pieces abut, and con necting them by means of iron plates covering the joint and bolted to the sides of the timbers by bolts passing through the wood. These plates should have their surfaces which lie against the wood ribbed in a direction transverse to the pull. The bolts should fit their holes slackly, and should be well tightened up so as to make the ribs sink into the surface of the timber. There will then be very little localized shearing stress brought upon the interior portions of the wood. Metal Joints. Iron, and the other commonly used metals possess in variously high degrees the qualities desirable in substances out of which joints are to be made. The joint ends of metal pieces can easily be fashioned fro any advan tageous form and size without waste of material. Also these metals offer peculiar facilities for the cutting of their surfaces at a comparatively small cost so smoothly and evenly as to ensure the close contact over their whole areas of surfaces placed against each other. This is of the highest importance, especially in joints designed to transmit force.
