Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/772

738 J O N J N -publication of the Kitab el Tankih, or " Book of Minute Research," a grammatical and lexicographical work of the first order, which is still consulted by scholars, and can ii3ver be opened without admiration for the range and precision of the author s scholarship and the soundness of his philological method. There is more Hebrew to be learned from Abu 1 Walid than from all the later rabbins i put together. Abu I Walid was essentially a philologist, He had essayed poetry in his youth, was read in philosophy, and not only practised as a physician but wrote on medicine ; but the devotion of his life was concentrated on the exact verbal study of Scripture. Armed with a thorough knowledge of the language and grammatical system of the Arabs, as well as of the dialects of Jewish Aramaic, he studied the Biblical idiorn in the light of the cognate Semitic tongues, and in a spirit of pure scholarship, free from traditional prejudice. The extant minor works of R. Jonah have been published in Arabic with a French translation by J. andH. Derenbourg, Opuscules -et Traites d Abou I- Walid, Paris, 1880. The first or grammatical part of the Kitab el-Tankih has been published in the imperfect Hebrew version entitled Safer Harikma by Goldberg, Frankfort- on-the-Main, 185C. The lexicographical part of the Kitdb el-Usul, or Book of Roots, was published in Arabic by Neubauer, Oxford, 1875. For further details as to the life and works of Abu 1- Walid see Munk s articles in Journal Asiatiquc, 1850, 1851; and Derenbourg, op. cit. JONAS, JUSTUS (1493-1555), a German Protestant Reformer, was born at Nordhausen in Thuringia 5th June 1493. In 1506 he entered the university of Erfurt, where he graduated in law in 1516 ; but, having been converted to the doctrines of Luther, he, about 1519, resolved to study theology. In 1521 he accompanied Luther to the diet of Worms. The same year he was appointed professor of canon law at Wittenberg, where shortly afterwards he be came doctor in theology, and occupied himself much in preaching. During the next twenty years he took part in many church visitations and conferences, and translated into German several of the works of Luther and Melanchthon. In 1541 he became superintendent of the churches at Halle, whence he was banished by the elector Maurice of Saxony in 1546. He returned for a short time in 1547 and again in 1548, but was unable to resume his interrupted tasks; after a short stay at Jena, where he had some share in the ordering of the new university, he became court-preacher at Coburg in 1551. In 1553 he was called as first pastor to Eisfeld, where he died 9th October 1555. Among the theological tractates of Jonas is Discussio pro conjugio sacerdotali, 1523. He also wrote an account of the pro ceedings of the conference of Marburg. See Reinhanl, De Vita et obitu Justi Jonse, 1713 ; Knapp, Nar- ratio dc Justo Jona, 1817 ; and the life by Hasse in Meurer s Lcbcn dzr Altviitcr dcr lutli. Kirche, 1864. JONES, LVIGO (c. 1572-1651), an English architect, sometimes called the " English Palladio," was the son of a cloth-worker, and was born in London about 1572. It is stated that he became apprenticed to a joiner, but at any rate his talent for drawing attracted somehow the atten tion of a nobleman, by some affirmed to have been the earl of Arundel, by others the earl of Pembroke, who sent him to study landscape-painting in Italy, His preference soon transferred itself to architecture, and, following chiefly the style of Palladio, he acquired at Venice such consider able reputation that in 1604 he was invited by Christian IV. to Denmark, where he is said to have designed the two great royal palaces of Rosenberg and Frederiksborg. In the following year he accompanied Anne of Denmark to the court of James I. of England, where, besides being appointed architect to the queen and Prince Henry, he was employed in supplying the designs and decorations of the court masques. After a second visit to Italy in 1612, Jones - was appointed surveyor-general of the royal buildings by James I., and was engaged to prepare designs for a new palace at Whitehall. In 1620 he was employed by the king to investigate the origin of Stonehenge, when he came to the absurd conclusion that it had been a Roman temple. Shortly afterwards he was appointed one of the commissioners for the repair of St Paul s, but the work was not begun till 1633. Under Charles I. he enjoyed the same offices as under his predecessor, and in the capacity of designer of the masques he caine into collision with Ben Jonson, who on this account has frequently made him the butt of his satire. After the civil war Jones was forced to pay heavy fines as a courtier and malignant. He died in poverty July 5, 1651. A list of the principal buildings designed by Jones is given in Dallaway s edition of Walpole s Anecdotes of Painting, and for an estimate of him as an architect see the article ARCHITECTURE, vol. ii. p. 442, and also Fevgusson s History of Modern Architecture. The Architecture of Palladio, in 4 books, by Inigo Jones, appeared in 1715 ; TJic Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, catlcd Stone henge, restored by Inigo Jones, in 1655 (an edition, with memoir, 1725) ; the Designs of Inigo Jones, by W. Kent, in 1727 ; and The Designs of Inigo Jones, by J. Ware, in 1757. JONES, JOHN PAUL (1747-1792), was born July 6, 1747, on the estate of Arbigland, in the parish of Kirkbean and the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Scotland, where his father, John Paul, was gardener. At twelve he went to sea as apprentice to a merchant of Whitehaven, in whose ships he visited America several times. He became a skilful sailor, and was for some time mate of a slaver in the West Indies. On his way back to England, after leaving the slave trade in disgust, the captain and mate of the ship in which he was both died ; and the skilful manner in which Paul Jones brought the ship safely into port induced the owners to appoint him captain. In 1773, having for some unknown reason assumed the cognomen Jones, he settled in Virginia, on a property which had fallen to him on the death of an older brother. When the American war of independence broke out two years later, Jones took up arms for the colonies, and accepted a command in the navy of the new republic. He did good service against his native land, and in 1777 was sent to France to receive a more important command. Disappointed in that, he sailed in 1778 to the English coast in his ship " Ranger," and availed himself of his early knowledge to land at White- haven, where, however, he was unsuccessful in his attempt to fire the shipping. Next year he sailed on a similar expedition in the " Bonhomme Richard," along with other vessels, and, steering up the Firth of Forth, was only pre vented by a strong westerly gale from attacking Leith. On his way south again he fell in, off Flamborough Head, with the English ship " Serapis," which after a long and bloody combat he compelled to strike. That exploit raised his fame to its acme. On his return to Paris he was feted and caressed by the best society; and Louis XVI. pre sented him with a gold-hilted sword, and decorated him with the military Order of Merit. After some time spent in America, where he was much chagrined by the neglect that met his boastful requests for further employment, Paul Jones returned to Paris as agent for all prizes taken in Europe under his own command. While he resumed his efforts to pose as a man of ton, he attended carefully to his duties. A favourable report to Congress as to his rival services was followed by a vote of a gold medal from that body in 1786. In "l 788 the Chevalier Jones entered the service of the empress Catherine of Russia, and became as enthusiastic a Russian as he had been an American. He was appointed to a command in the Black Sea, with the rank of rear-admiral, to act against the Turks ; but the jealousy and rivalry of the Russian commanders brought about his recall in less than eight months. Summoned to St Petersburg, on pretext of