masterpiece in Comus, after which it soon faded away in times too fierce to allow of its further cultivation.
The Sad Shepherd, of which Jonson left behind him three acts and a prologue, is distinguished among English pastoral dramas by its freshness of tone; and, though not altogether without either allegorical allusions or classical ornament, breathes something of the spirit of the greenwood, and is not unnatural even in its supernatural element. While this piece, with its charming love-scenes between Robin Hood and Maid Marion, remains a fragment, another pastoral by Jonson, The May Lord, has been lost, and a third, of which Loch Lomond was intended to be the scene, probably remained unwritten.
Though Ben Jonson never altogether recognized the truth of the maxim that the dramatic art has properly speaking no didactic purpose, his long and laborious life was not wasted upon a barren endeavour. In tragedy he added two works of uncommon merit to our dramatic literature. In comedy his aim was higher, his effort more sustained, and his success more solid, than were those of any of his fellows. In the subsidiary and hybrid species of the mask, he helped to open a new and attractive though undoubtedly devious path in the field of dramatic litera ture. His intellectual endowments surpassed those of most of our great dramatists in richness and in breadth; and in energy of application he probably surpassed them all. Yet it is less by these gifts or even by his power of hard work than by the true ring of his manliness that he is uniquely distinguished among his peers.
The date of the first folio volume of Jonson's Works (of which title his novel but characteristic use in applying it to plays was at the time much ridiculed) has already been mentioned as 1616; the second is described by GifFord as "a wretched continuation of the first, printed from MSS. surreptitiously obtained during his life, or ignorantly hurried through the press after his death, and bearing a variety of dates from 1631 to 1641 inclusive." The whole works were reprinted in a single folio volume in 1692, and again in 6 vols. 8vo in 1715. Whalley's edition in 7 vols., with a life, appeared in 1756, but was superseded in 1816 by Gilford's, in 9 vols. (of which the first includes a biographical memoir, and the famous essay on the " Proofs of Ben Jonson's Malignity, from the Commentators on Shakespeare "). A new edition of Gilford's excellent book was pub lished in 9 vols. in 1875 by Colonel F. Cunningham, as well as a cheap reprint in 3 vols. in 1870. Both contain the " Conversations with Drummond," which were first printed in full by David Laing in the Sliakes2)earc Society's Publications (1842), and the Jonsonus Virbius, a collection (unparalleled in number and variety of authors) of poetical tributes published about six months after Jonson's death by his friends and admirers. There is also a single-volume edition, with a very readable memoir, by Barry Cornwall (1838). Recently Every Man in his Humour has been edited, with an excellent brief biographical as well as special introduction, to which the present sketch owes some details, by H. B. Wheatley (1877). The criticisms of Jonson are too mimerous to mention; but among many deserving to be overlooked should not be included that of Drydcn in the preface to An Evcninc/s Love, or the Mock Astrologer. (A. W. W. )
JOPLIN, a flourishing city of Jasper county, Missouri, U.S., chiefly engaged in smelting lead and zinc, of which very large quantities are turned out annually. The population in 1880 was 7038.
JOPPA, the Greek loW??, ToVr;, Hebrew JAPHO, and Arabic YAFA, incorrectly written JAFFA, an ancient seaport of Palestine. It is mentioned in the lists of Thothmes III., and in an inscription of Sennacherib, but in the Bible pro bably in no writing older than the exile. After the exile it was the harbour of Judaea (Ezra iii. 7; Strabo, xvi. 2), and as such appears as an important point in the Maccabee wars, when it was fortified by Simon. Strabo and Josephus speak of it as a haunt of pirates, and on this account it was destroyed by Vespasian in the Jewish war. The small bay south of the town, called BirTcet el Kamr ("Moonpool"), is possibly the old harbour, the present one being formed by a reef having a broad entrance on the north-west and a narrow passage in the middle. The coast being quite straight and unsheltered, the port possesses neither natural nor artificial advantages. In the 5th, Gth, and llth cen turies bishops of Joppa are noticed, under the metropolitan of Jerusalem. In 1187 Saladin took the town, which was recovered by King Pilchard in 1191 and retaken by Malek el Adil in 1196. In 1799 Napoleon stormed the city, then protected by walls. The fortifications were further increased at a later period by the English. The modern town, the seaport of Jerusalem, with which it is connected by a carriage road in very bad repair, is built on a rounded hillock rising 100 feet above the shore; to the north and south are sandhills; to the east are gardens of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and olives. Sweet water is derived from numerous wells, and palms and bananas occur in these orchards, which cover an area of 3 square miles. The walls of the town still remain standing; the houses are of stone, well built, and the bazaars are good. The town is the seat of a caim-macam or lieutenantgovernor. It contains English, French, German, and American consulates, and Latin and Greek monasteries. The trade consists of wheat, sesame, oranges and other fruit, olives, and soap; the population is stated at 8000, the majority being Moslems. A German colony estab lished in 18G9 has built two villages, one just outside the town on the north-east, the second (Sarona) at a distance of 2 miles. The colonists number about 300.
Joppa claimed to be the place where Andromeda was exposed. There her chains were shown (Jos., B. J., iii. 9, 13), and thence the skeleton of the monster was brought to Rome by Scaurus (Pliny, ix. 4).
JORDAENS, Jacob (1593-1678), painter, was born at Antwerp in 1593. He studied, like Rubens, under Adarn van Nocrt, and his marriage with his master's daughter in 161 6, the year after his admission to the guild of painters, prevented him from visiting Rome. He was forced to content himself with studying such examples of the Italian masters as he found at home; but a far more potent influence was exerted upon his style by Rubens, vho employed him sometimes to reproduce small sketches in large. Jordaens is second to Rubens only in their special department of the Flemish school. In both there is the same warmth of colour, truth to nature, mastery of chiaroscuro, and energy of expression; but Jordaens is wanting in dignity of conception, and is inferior in choice of forms, in the character of his heads, and in correctness of drawing. Not seldom he sins against good taste, and in some of his humorous pieces the coarseness is only atoned for by the animation. Of these last he seems in some cases to have painted several replicas. He employed his pencil also in Scriptural, mythological, historical, and allegorical subjects, and is well-known as a portrait painter. He also etched some plates. He died at Antwerp in 1678.
JORDAN (HI! "swift-flowing"), the principal river of Palestine. The historical source of this famous stream is the cave at Bcanias (Ca3sarea Philippi), while the stream from Dan (Tell el Kady) is called Lesser Jordan by Josephus, although the larger of the two springs at the Tell is probably the largest fountain in Syria. A third affluent, which has a better geographical claim to be con sidered the true Jordan, is the Nahr Hasbany, rising near Hasbeiya on Hermon. The stream from Banias joins that from Tell el Kady after a course of 5 miles, descending by cascades through thickets and cane brakes, and a little lower down the Nahr Hasbany, after a course of 15 miles, joins the united stream from the other sources. The Banias source is about 1000 feet above the Mediterranean, and, after passing through the papyrus swamps, the river reaches the Huleh Lake (Merom or Semechonitis), falling 1000 feet in 12 miles. The Huleh is 4 miles long, and thence to the Sea of Galilee is 10 J miles, with a fall of 682 feet. The second lake (see GALILEE) is 12i miles
