Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/793

J U B J U B 759 mination, whose good qualities are too apt to be overlooked in consequence of his connexion with the unhappy fate of Maximilian. JUBA I., successor to his father Hierapsal on the throrte of Numidia, owes his importance much more to the dis tracted state of the Roman world during the struggle betwixt Ciesar and Pompey than to his intrinsic merit. He embraced Pompey s cause, moved by ancient hereditary friendship to that general, as well as by personal enmity to Caesar, who had insulted him at Rome a few years before, and to Curio, Caesar s general in Africa, who had openly proposed when tribune of the plebs in 50 B.C. that Numidia should be sold to colonists, and the king reduced to a private station. In 49 B.C. Juba marched against Curio, who was threatening Utica, and by a stratagem inflicted on the Csesarean army a crushing defeat, in which Curio was slain. Juba s attention was momentarily dis tracted by a counter invasion of his territories by Bocchus and Sitius ; but, finding that his lieutenant Saburra was able to defend his interests, he rejoined Scipio with a large body of troops. With Scipio he shared the defeat at Thapsus. Fleeing from the field with the Roman general Petrei us, the king wandered about for some time as a fugitive, spurned even from the gates of his own city Zama, where he had prepared for a desperate siege. The fugitives at length resolved to die by mutual slaughter. Juba killed Petreius, and sought the aid of a slave in despatching himself (46 B.C.). Juba s character may be summed up in the word savage ; he was brave, treacherous, insolent, and cruel. JUBA IL, king of Mauretania, was on the death of his father Juba I, in 46 B c. carried to Rome, a mere infant, to grace Ciesar s triumph. He seems to have received a gooi education under the care of Octavianus (afterwards Augustus), whom he accompanied later in his campaign against Antony. In 29 B.C., after Antony s death, Octiviauus gave the young African the hand of Cleopatra Selene, daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and placed him on his paternal throne. In 25 B.C., however, he transferred him from Numidia to the kingdoms formerly held by Bocchus and Boguas, viz., Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Csesariensis, to which was added a part of Osetulia. Juba fixed his royal residence at Jol, whose name he changed to Cuesarea, and which is now identified with the modern Cherchel, about 72 miles west of Algiers. He seems to have reigned in considerable prosperity, though in 6 A.D. the Gaetulians rose in a revolt of sufficient importance to afford the surname Gaetulicus to Cornelius Cossus, the Roman general whose aid the king called in to suppress it. According to Josephus (Ant. xvii. 13, 1 and 4 ; B. J., ii. 7, 4), Juba married in second nuptials Gla- phyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia, and widow of Alexander, son of Herod the Great, afterwards wife of Alexander s brother, the Archelaus of the New Testament. The date of Juba s death is by no means certain ; from the evidence of coins and certain allusions in Strabo, scholars have been led to place it in 19 or 20 A.D. Juba, to quote the words of Flin} , was more memorable for his writings than for his crown. He wrote many historical and geographical works, of which some seem to have been voluminous and of considerable value on account of the sources to which their author had access. Unfortunately they are known to us only from fragments imbedded in other writers. The list given by C. Muller in his Fragments, Hisloricorum Grs&corum (vol. iii., Paris, 1849), is as follows: (1) Pw/jaftc^ tffropla ; (2) Aa-ffvpiaicd ; (3) Aiftvud ; (4) De Arabia sire DC Expeditions Aralica; (5) Physiologa; (6) De Euphorbia Jierba; (7) Hfpl oirov; (8) Ilepl ypatpiicfis (Tlepl Gwypdcpuv) ; (9) OearpiKrj laropia ; (10) OyUoioTTjTss ; (11) Tlepi tydopas Ae|ecos ; (12) E-Triypa/iyua. Miiller (loc. cit.) has collected at the head of Juba s fragments the scattered notices of the king from the writers of antiquity. See also Sevin in Mem. de TAcad. dcs Inscriptions, vol. iv. JUBBULPORE. See JABALPUE. JUBILEE, or JUBILE, THE YEAR, OF. In Ezek. xlvi. 16, 17, there is indication of a law according to which " the prince " is at liberty to alienate in perpetuity any portion of his inheritance to his sons ; but if he give a gift of his inheritance to any other of his subjects, then the cbange of ownership holds good only till " the year of liberty " ("iTTin n3t?), after which the alienated property returns to its original possessor, the prince. This restriction upon the transfer of real property is applied to a greatly en larged class of persons and cases in Lev. xxv. 8-55, which is by far the most important passage relating to this sub ject. It is again referred to in Lev. xxvii. 17-25, and the only other allusion to it in the Pentateuch occurs in Numb, xxx vi. 4. According to Lev. xxv. 8-12, at the completion of seven sabbaths of years, the trumpet of the jubilee (ny-ni;! IBIK ) i s to be sounded "throughout the land," on the tenth day of the seventh month, i.e., on the great day of atonement. The fiftieth year thus announced is to be "hallowed," i.e., liberty (ll*n) is to be proclaimed everywhere to every one, and the people are to return "every man unto his possession and unto his family." The year in other respects is to resemble the sabbatical year; there is to be no sowing, nor reaping that which grows of itself, nor gathering of grapes. Coming to fuller detail, as regards real property (Lev. xxv. 13-34), the law is that if any Hebrew under pressure of necessity shall alienate his property he is to get for it a sum of money reckoned according to the number of harvests to be reaped between the date of alienation and the first jubilee year ; should he or any relation desire to redeem the pro perty before the jubilee, this can always be done by repay ing the value of the harvests between the redemption and the jubilee. The fundamental principle is that " the land shall not be sold so as to be quite cut off, for it is mine, and ye are strangers and sojourners with me." The same rule applies to dwelling-houses of unwalled villages ; the case is different, however, as regards dwelling-houses in walled cities. These may be redeemed within a year after transfer, but if not redeemed within that period ihey con tinue permanently in possession of the purchaser. An exception to this last rule is made for the houses of the Levites in the Levitical cities. As regards property in slaves (Lev. xxv. 35-55), the Hebrew whom necessity has compelled to sell himself into the service of his brother Hebrew is to be treated as a hired servant and a sojourner, and to be released absolutely at the jubilee; non-Hebrew bondmen on the other hand are to be bondmen for ever. But the Hebrew who has sold himself to a stranger or sojourner is entitled to freedom at the year of jubilee, and further is at any time redeemable by any of his kindred, the redemption price being regulated by the number of years to run between the redemption and the jubilee, according to the ordinary wage of hired servants. So much for the Levitical law ; as regards its observance, the evidence of history is not voluminous, but Jer. xxxiv. 14 seems to show conclusively that in his time at least the law acknowledged by the prophets was that described in Deut. xv., according to which the rights of Hebrew slave-holders over their compatriots were invariably to cease seven years after they had been acquired. After the exile the law of Lev. xxv. was also certainly disregarded ; the Talmudists and Rabbins are unanimous that although the jubilee years were " reckoned " they were not observed. As regards the meaning of the name "jubilee" (?31"*n ^W, or simply ?3V tviavrbs a(pffffcas or &<f>c(ns, annus jubilsei or jubilseus), authorities are not agreed. According to Josephus (Ant., iii. 12, 3), it means lAeuflepia ; but the use of the word TO 1 * in Exod. xix. 13, Josh. vi. 5, makes it probable that the name is derived from the trumpet sound with which the jubilee was to be proclaimed ; and it is not impossible that the old Jewish traditional view is right