Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/813

J U N J U P 779 The great cultus of Juno at Rome was on the Capitol, whore Tarquin had established her beside Jupiter to share with him the sovereignty of the state. Though she has nothing to correspond to the naturalistic side of Jupiter, she is readily associated with him in his moral character. She is the patroness and guardian of women, as he is of men. She watches over women from their birth onward. As Virginensis she protects maidenhood ; as Pronuba, Juga or Jugalis, Domiduca, Unxia, Cinxia, she ushers them through all the rites of marriage ; as Matrona she presides over their wedded life ; as Lucina she helps them in child birth. The Kalends were sacred to Juno, as the Ides belong to Jupiter ; and thus the two divide the month and the year between them. Geese were her favourite birds, and those which were kept in the Capitoline temple gave the garrison timely warning of the Gallic attack. The chief feast of Juno was the Matronalia, on the Kalends of March. Only maidens and wives of stainless character could participate in the procession which was made to the temple of Lucina on the Esquiline hill. On this the first day of the year, the women received presents from their husbands and relatives, and gave presents to their slaves. The name Junones was also applied to the attendant spirits who belong to each woman, just as each man has his own genius. A woman swears by her Juno, a lover by the Juno of his mistress ; hence the sarcasm of Juvenal, " per Junonem domini jurante ministro." When Rome began to coin money in order to compete with the currency of the Greek states on the south coast, the mint was the temple of Juno Moneta; but this was probably due to Greek influence. The coinage was modelled on that of the cities of Magna Gratia, which it was designed to supplant ; and these cities had their religious centre in the temple of Hera Lacinia (see Curtius, " Religious Character of Greek Coins," Numism. Chron., 1870, p. 102). JUNOT, AXDOCHE (1771-1813), Dae d Abrantes, was born at Bussy-le-Grand, 23d October 1771. He went to school at Chatillon, and was known among his comrades as a blustering but loveable creature, with a pugnacious disposi tion. He came under the special notice of Napoleon during the siege of Toulon, while serving as his secretary. It is related that as he was taking down a despatch, a shell bursting hard by and covering the paper with sand, he exclaimed " Bien ! nous n avions pas de sable pour s6cher 1 encre ! en voici ! " He accompanied Napoleon to Italy in the capacity of aide-de-camp, and distinguished himself so much at the battle of Millesimo that he was selected to carry back the captured colours to Paris. Returning to Italy he went through the campaign with honour, but was badly wounded in the head at Lonato. From the effects of the wound he never completely recovered, and many rash incidents in his career may be directly traced to it. During the expedition to Egypt he acted as general of brigade, and went through fourteen brilliant hours of fighting at Nazareth, putting 10,000 Turks to flight with 300 troopers. His devotion to Napoleon involved him in a duel with General Lanusse, in which he was again wounded. He had to be left in Egypt to recover, and in crossing to France was captured by English cruisers. On his return to France he was made commandant of Paris, and after wards promoted general of division. He next served at Arras in command of the grenadiers of the army destined for the invasion of England, and made some alterations in the equipment of the troops which received the praise of the emperor. Et was, however, a bitter mortification that he was not appointed a marshal of France when he received the cross of the legion of honour. He was sent to Lisbon instead, his entry into which city was something like a royal progress, though his vanity was disappointed by the mission. He was so restless and dissatisfied in the Portuguese capital that he set out, without leave, for the army of Napoleon, and at Austerlitz behaved with con spicuous courage and zeal. But he soon offended the emperor by his manner and his demands, and was sent to Parma to put down an insurrection and to be out of the way. In 1806 he was recalled and became governor of Paris. His extravagance and prodigality shocked the Government, and some rumours of an intrigue with Josephine made it desirable again to send him away. He was, therefore, appointed to lead an invading force into Portugal. For the first time Junot had a great task to per form, and only his own resources to fall back upon for its achievement. Early in November 1807 he set out from Salamanca, crossed the mountains of Beira, rallied his broken forces at Abrantes, and, with 1500 men, dashed upon Lisbon. The whole movement only took a month ; he was then invested with the governorship. Administra tion was his weak point, and in a short time, instead of consolidating the results of his victory, he had squandered them by a course of conduct like that of an Eastern monarch. After Wellesley encountered him at Vimiera he was obliged to withdraw from Portugal with all his forces. Napoleon disapproved, but sent him back to Spain, where, acting under Massena, he was once more seriously wounded. His last campaign was made in Russia, and he got more than a just share of the discredit which attached to it. Napoleon next appointed him to govern Illyria. On the 29th July 1813 he threw himself from a window at Montbard, in a fit of insanity. JUNOT, LAURE PERMON (1784-1838), Duchesse d Abrantes, was born at Montpellier, 6th November 1784. Her father was an army contractor, who allowed his wife to take his daughters to Paris in order that they might make good matches. They were lively, witty young ladies, and soon attracted to their hotel a mixed society of officers. Madame Junot declared that Napoleon wished to marry her mother ; but there is no evidence for the truth of the story. But he gave Laure Permon 100,000 francs when she married Junot, and after the birth of her first child a house in the Champs-Elysees, with 100,000 francs to furnish it. Her husband had extravagant tastes; but she was extravagant to recklessness, contracting debts as rapidly as tradesmen would allow her to run them up. In 1805 she went with her husband to Lisbon, and, as she took it on her to represent " female France," her train was more expensive than that of a queen. After she returned to Paris, she renewed her extravagance, and, opening her drawing-room to the older families as well as to the new men of the empire, she fell under suspicion. With Junot she went through the Spanish campaign, and con trived to give pleasant balls and to hold drawing-rooms all along the route. After her husband s death she was forbidden to return to Paris, but she ignored Napoleon s order, returned, opened her house again, and attracted to it all the celebrities of the day. Her poverty compelled her to retire to L Abbaye-aux-Bois when the empire ended ; but she devoted herself to literature with much zeal. She made social recollections from her own life her chief subject; her style was free and flowing ; and her articles, memoirs, and romances were widely read. She died at Paris, 7th June 1838. JUPITER was the chief god of the Roman state. The great and constantly growing influence exerted from a very early period on Rome by the superior civilization of Greece not only caused a modification of the Roman god after the analogy of Zeus, the supreme deity of the Greeks, but led the Latin writers to identify the one with the other, and to attribute to Jupiter myths which were purely Greek and never belonged to actual Roman religion. The Jupiter of actual worship was a Roman god ; the Jupiter of Latin