Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/837

j U T J U T 803 centage of whale oil and water, and, according to the ideas of the person superintending, e mixture of ashes or other ingredients, supposed to have a softening tendency. These batches, which generally contained from 4 to 5 tons each, were allowed to lie from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, at the end of which time a slight fermentation caused by the oil and water was induced, and the batch was then considered ready for the preparation process. The hand process has now, however, been superseded by a more speedy and economical appliance. In order to get the fibre into that soft pliant condition so essential to the spinning operation, jute softeners or mangles have been introduced. Of these machines there are various types, but in their general outline and principle they are closely allied to each other. The machine consists of a double row of fluted rollers, generally from twelve to eighteen pairs, the one placed on the top of the other, so that the flutes longitudinally intersect each other. The rollers, when the machine is in motion, have a rippling recipro cating action, by which means the material passing through is rendered soft and pliant. In connexion with this machine, and with the view of dispensing with the more cumbrous and expensive mode of batching already described, an apparatus is attached, and is so adjusted that the jute on passing through the rollers receives with great precision a proper allowance of oil and water. The quantity of oil used varies from half a gallon to one gallon per 400 lb bale, and the quantity of water, according as the atmo sphere is dry or damp, is from 12 to 18 per cent, of the weight of material operated on. Such qualities of jute as retain rough and hard root ends or " butts " require to undergo another preliminary process termed " snipping," by which these " butts " are combed out, and separated from the remainder of the fibre ; these, being torn and split up into the form of tow, may be so used in the subsequent preparing and spinning operations. A good deal of jute is now prepared at Cal cutta by the snipping process instead of by cutting, the butts being thereby secured in a more useful and valuable condition. The material, after being softened, and, if necessary, snipped, is passed on to the assorters, whose duty is to select the different qualities for the special uses to which they may be applied. Spinning. All the subsequent processes through which jute passes are essentially the same as those employed in the corresponding heavy manufactures of flax (see LINEN). As in the case of that fibre, there are two dis tinct processes of preparing yarn, viz., by " line " spinning and by " tow " spinning. If intended for line spinning, the long jute fibre is cut or rather broken into lengths of from 20 to 24 inches. It is then ready for hackling, spreading, drawing, and roving, just as in the parallel case of flax "line" spinning. Similarly in the tow spinning the fibre is first submitted to the breaker card, then the finishing card, after which it passes through the drawing frames and the roving frame, and then, .as " rove " or rovings, it is ready for the spinning frame ; but, in the case of some very heavy yarns, the material is spun direct on the roving frame. The weights of jute yarn are estimated by the spindle of 14,400 yards, and the finest kinds spun are about " 2 R> yarn," i.e., yarn weighing 2 lb per spindle. The minimum weight commonly found in the market is, how ever, 7 Bb, from which the yarn lists rise in sizes up to 40 lb, or to very much heavier weights for special pur poses. The ruling feature of jute is its cheapness, and the great demand for jute manufactures arises in connexion with rough and cheap fabrics, such as sacking and bagging, bale covers, hessians for upholstery purposes, &c., tarpaulings, linings, pocketings, and backing for floorcloths, for which purpose it is woven in webs from 6 to 8 yards wide. It takes dye colours readily, which, however, are fugitive, and as dyed yarn it is woven into carpets, rugs, &c. ; and woven and printed curtain cloths and tapestries are also made from jute. The fibre, how ever, is not worthy of being woven into elaborate and some what costly fabrics ; and it is not likely that as a tapestry material it will take any permanent place. Jute also lends itself readily to the sophistication of more expensive fibrous materials, and is said to be employed in the adulteration of woven silks, more especially in such as are used for cheap ribbons, scarfs, &c. It can also be prepared to imitate human hair with remarkable close ness, and advantage of this is largely taken in making stage wigs. Although a few jute factories have sprung up in several localities other than Dundee throughout the United King dom, notably in Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Barrow-in- Furness, and also in various parts of the Continent, Dundee is still the headquarters and controlling centre of the jute trade, even many of the Bengal factories being owned by Dundee merchants. The following table shows the distribution of the trade and the number of persons finding employment in it for the United Kingdom at the respective dates mentioned : Factories.- Spinning Spindles. Doubling Spindles. Power-Looms. Persons Employed. 1861.. 1868. 1874, 1861. 1868. 1874. 1868. 1874. 1861. 1868. 1874. 1861. 1868. 1874. England and Wales 4 27 5 8 31 2 15 84 11 620 30,538 1,824 8,230 72,547 21,754 185,419 13,738 428 1,924 48 1,278 7,658 338 554 411 2,788 720 1 927 8,325 347 107 5,418 442 1,760 12,127 283 4,933 30,893 2,094 Scotland Ireland Total 36 41 110 32,982 220,911 2,400 9,274 554 3,919 9,599 5.97G 14,170 37,920 1 Exclusive of number of power-looms in one factory in Antrim. Some of the Dundee factories are of enormous extent, that of Messrs Cox Brothers, for example, covering 22 acres, and giving employment to 5000 persons, while the annual output of jute fabrics measures as much as 15,500 miles. (j. PA.) JUTERBOGK, JUTERBOG, or JUTEKBOCK, the chief town of the circle Jiiterbogk-Luckenwalde, in the govern ment district of Potsdam and province of Brandenburg, Prussia, is situated on the Nuthe, 39 miles south-west of Berlin, with which it is connected by rail. It contains four Protestant churches, of which that of St Nicholas, dating from the close of the 14th century. Jiiterbogk carries on weaving and spinning both of flax and wool, and trades in the produce of those manufactures and in cattle. Vines are cultivated in the neighbourhood. Jiiterbogk appears in history as the scene of religious discussions in 1548 and 1575, of a treaty between Brandenburg and Saxony in 1611, and of the victory of the Swedes under Torstenson over the imperial troops under Gallas in 1644. Two miles south-west is the battlefield of Dennewitz, where Billow defeated Ney and Oudinot, September 6, 1813. The population, including the garrison, was 6852 in 1875 ; with the immediately adjacent villages of Damm and Neumarkt it was 8427.