Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/860

826 K A L K A L to be remarked that, from some cause unknown to us, there are localities which, though unsettled, it does not seem to inhabit, and thus little hope can be entertained of its surviving much longer. The Kakapo is about the size of a Raven, of a green or brownish-green colour, thickly freckled and irregularly barred with dark brown, and dashed here and there with longitudinal stripes of light yellow. Examples are subject to much variation in colour l and shade, and in some the lower parts are deeply tinged with yellow. Externally the most striking feature of the bird is its head, armed with a powerful beak, that it well knows how to use, and its face clothed with hairs and elongated feathers that sufficiently resemble the physiognomy of an Owl to justify the generic name bestowed upon it. Of its internal structure little has been described, and that not always correctly. Its furcula has been said (Proc. Zool. Society, 1874, p. 594) to be "lost," whereas the clavicles, which in most birds unite to form that bone, are present, though they do not meet, while in like manner the bird has been declared (op. cit., 1867, p. 624, note) to furnish among the Carinatse, " the only apparent exception to the presence of a keel " to the sternum, The keel, however, is undoubtedly there, as remarked by MM. Blanchard (Ann. Nat. Sc., Zoologie, ser. 4, xi. p. 83) and A. Milne Edwards (Ois. Foss. de la France, ii. p. 516), and, though much reduced in size, is nearly as much developed as in the DODO and the WEKA (qq.v.). The aborted condition of this process can hardly be regarded but in connexion with the incapacity of the bird for flight, and may very likely be, as some have supposed, the result of disuse. There can be scarcely any doubt as to the propriety of considering this genus the type of a separate Family of Psittaci ; but whether it stands alone, or some other forms (Pezoporus or Geopsittacus, for example, which in coloration and habits present some curious analogies) should be placed with it, must await future determination. In captivity the Kakapo is said to shew much intelligence, as well as an affectionate and playful disposition, soon attaching itself to its master and taking pleasure in caressing him and being caressed in turn. Unfortunately it does not seem to share the longevity characteristic of most Parrots, and none that have been held in confinement appear to have long survived, while many succumb speedily. For further details the reader may be referred to Gould s Birds of Australia (ii. p. 247) and Handbook (ii. p. 539), Dr Finsch s Die Papageien (i. p. 241), and Mr Buller s Birds of New Zealand (p. 26) in which last work nearly all the information hitherto recorded is to be found. (A. N.) KALABAGH, or KULABAGH, a town in Bannu district, Punjab, India, in 32 57 57" N. lat., 71 35 37" E. long., picturesquely situated at the foot of the Salt Range, on the right bank of the Indus, where the river debouches from the hills, 105 miles below Attock. The houses nestle against the side of a precipitous hill of solid rock-salt, piled one upon another in successive- tiers, the roof of each tier forming the street which passes in front of the row immediately above, and a cliff, also of pure rock-salt, towers above the town. The salt is quarried (about 2700 tons in 1871-72) at Mari, opposite the town, where it stands out in huge cliffs, practically inexhaustible. The similar out crop at Kalabagh itself is not quarried. Alum also occurs in the neighbouring hills, and forms a considerable item of local trade. Iron implements are manufactured. Popula tion in 1868, 6419. 1 A specimen in the British Museum (Zool. Voy. "Erebus" and " Terror," pi. xxii. pi. 7) has the prevailing green tint replaced by blue of several shades, and has been described as a distinct species, S. yreyi; but it is obviously in an abnormal condition, and its specific dis tinctness cannot be maintained without further evidence. KALAMATA, chief town of the modern Greek nomarchy of Messenia in the Morea, is situated on the left bank of the Nedon, about a mile from the sea. There is a suburb on the right bank of the stream. On a hill behind the town are the ruins of a mediaeval castle ; but no ancient Greek remains have been discovered, although modern travellers have identified the site with that of the classical Pharue or Pherge. It is the seat of a court of justice and of an archbishop. Kalamata is situated in a very fruitful district, of which it is the emporium. The roadsteads are safe in summer only ; in the winter months the fishing craft take shelter in the haven of Armyro. The value of the chief exports in 1879 and 1880 was as follows: currants, 111,750 and 109,200; figs, 112,730 and 87,186; olive oil, 21,340 and 12,789; silk, 34,230 and 31,215. The population in 1870 was 6327. Pharae, Pherre, or Phero was founded, according to Pau sanias, by Pharis, son of Hermes ; and the antiquity of its origin is still further assured by its mention in the Iliad (v. 543, ix. 151), and the Odyssey (iii. 490, xvii. 186). When Messene was captured (182 B. c. ) by the Achseans, Phane became a distinct member of the Achrean league. During the Middle Ages it was for a time a fief of the Ville- hardouins. In 1685 Kalamata was captured by the Venetians ; in 1770, and again in 1821, it was the revolutionary headquarters in the Morea. In 1825 it was sacked by Ibrahim Pasha. KALAMAZOO, the county seat of Kalamazoo county, Michigan, U.S., 40 miles east of Lake Michigan, and equi distant from Chicago and Detroit, at the intersection of four railways, in the centre of one of the finest agricultural districts in the country. The public institutions include Kalamazoo College, the Michigan Female Seminary, and an asylum for the insane. About one-third of all the wind mills in the United States are made here. Agricultural implements, carriages, steel springs, paper and milling machinery are among the chief manufactures ; and there are also extensive planing mills and flour mills. The popu lation of the township in 1880 was 13,552, including the village population of 12,012. KALATCH, a town of Russia, in the country of the Don Cossacks, on the left bank of the Don above the confluence of the Karpovka, in 48 43 N. lat. and 43 30 E. long. Previous to the opening of the railway to Tsaritsin on the Volga, it was a place of only 500 inhabitants, but since that date (1862) it has increased to more than 12,000 inhabitants; and its transit trade has received a great development. KALBE, or CALBE, AN DEE SAALE, chief town of a circle in the government district of Magdeburg, Prussia, is situated on the Saale, 3 miles from the Saale (Grizehne) station on the Leipsic and Magdeburg Railway. It con tains a local court, a middle school, and several benevolent institutions. The industries of the place include wool- spinning, and the manufacture of cloth, oil, paper, bricks, beet-root sugar, and tobacco. Cucumbers and onions are largely cultivated in the neighbourhood ; and anthracite is excavated. In 1875 the population was 7982 ; with the adjacent Bernburger and Schlossvorstadt it was 11,115. KALEIDOSCOPE. This, as the name implies, is an instrument by means of which beautiful forms may be seen. It was invented by Sir David Brewster about 1815, the idea of the instrument having occurred to him some time before while he was engaged with experiments on the polari zation of light by reflexion. When it first appeared it atti acted almost universal attention. This arose from the extreme beauty of the forms which it presented, their end less variety and perfect symmetry, as well as the readiness with which one beautiful form could be converted into another. The construction of the instrument was so simple, too, that almost any one could make it ; and, in conse quence, the patent originally taken out by Brewster was persistently evaded ; kaleidoscopes were made by the hun-