Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/867

K A M K A M 833 the possession of Saxony. In 1706 and 1842 it was visited by con flagration. About 6 miles south-east is the Cistercian monastery of Marienstern. KAMES, HENRY HOME, LORD (1696-1782), a philo sopher and Scotch judge, was descended from an old Scotch family, and was the son of George Home of Kames, in the county of Berwick, where he was born in 1696. After receiving a somewhat imperfect education from a private tutor, he was in 1712 bound by indenture to a writer to the signet in Edinburgh, but an accidental intro duction to the comfortable and dignified leisure of Sir Hew Dalrymple, then president of the court of session, de termined him to aspire to the higher position of advocate. He accordingly set himself with great diligence to remedy the defects of his early education, studying in private the various branches of literature and science which constituted the curriculum of arts in the Scottish universities, and with special interest those of metaphysics and moral philosophy. He was called to the bar in 1723, and, as he was unpossessed of those brilliant qualities which sometimes command im mediate success, he employed his leisure in the compilation of a volume which he published in 1728 under the title Re markable Decisions in the Court of Session from 1716 to 1728. This work having attracted attention to his abilities, his power of ingenious reasoning and mastery of law gradu ally gained him a leading position at the bar. His profes sional duties did not, however, prevent him devoting a large portion of his time to special studies, as well as to philo sophy and literature, while his flow of animal spirits, his affectionate disposition, and his conversational gifts ren dered him very partial to social intercourse, especially with persons of cultivated tastes. In 1752 he was appointed a judge in the court of session under the title of Lord Kames, and in 1763 he was made one of the lords of jus ticiary. Through his wife Agatha Drummond, whom he married in 1741, he in 1761 succeeded to the estate of Blair Drummond, Perthshire, where he put into practice a remarkably bold scheme of agricultural improvement, the removal of a stratum of peat on 1500 acres of land by floating it into the river Forth. He died at Edinburgh, 27th December 1782. Whatever opinion may be formed of the literary qualities, the originality, or the intrinsic value of the publications of Lord Kames, there can be no question as to the versatility of taste and incessant diligence which they imply. The extent and thoroughness of his legal knowledge is attested by a large number of separate works : Jus Tertii, &c., 1732 ; Dictionary of Decisions, 1741 ; Essays con cerning British Antiquities, 1747 ; Principles of the Law of Scotland, 1754 ; Statute Law of Scotland abridged, 1757 ; Historical Law Tracts, 1758 ; Principles of Equity, 1760 ; a second volume of Re markable Decisions, 1766 ; Elucidations concerning the Commercial and Statute Law of Scotland, 1770 ; and Selected Decisions of the Court of Session, 1780. Lord Kames also took a special interest in the agricultural and commercial affairs of the country. In 1755 he was appointed a member of the board of trustees for encouragement of the fisheries, arts, and manufactures of Scotland, and about the same time he was named one of the commissioners for the manage ment of the forfeited estates annexed to the crown. One of his favourite amusements was the embellishment of his estate, in con nexion with which he carried into execution a novel plan of a winter garden. On the subject of agriculture he wrote The Gentleman Farmer, 1776. In 1765 he published a small pamphlet On the Flax Husbandry of Scotland ; and, besides availing himself of his extensive acquaintance with the proprietors of Scotland to recommend the introduction of manufactures, he took a prominent part in furthering the project of the Forth and Clyde Canal. He was also one of the founders of the Physical and Literary Society, afterwards the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It is, however, as a writer on philosophy that Lord Kames is best known. In 1751 he published his Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, in which he endeavoured to maintain the doctrine of innate ideas, but conceded to man an apparent but only apparent freedom of the will. His statement of the latter doctrine so aroused the alarm of certain clergymen of the Church of Scotland that he found it necessary to withdraw what was regarded as a serious error, and to attribute man s delusive sense of freedom, not to an innate conviction implanted by God, but to the influence of the passions. An Introduction to the Art of Thinking, which appeared in 1761, Avas followed in 1762 by Elements of Criticism, an ingenious and in some respects suggestive discussion of the principles of taste, but in many ways imperfect and unsatisfactory. In 1774 he published, in two volumes, Sketches of the History of Man, a somewhat heterogeneous medley of opinions and speculations on a great variety of subjects, but containing many shrewd suggestions and much curious observation. The works of Kames as a whole are more remarkable for superficial fertility and varied learning than for real originality, and his reasoning is clever and ingenious rather than subtle and comprehensive. His style is loose, frequently incorrect and awkward in construction, and abounds in expressions which border on slang. See Life of Lord Kames, by A. E. Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, in 2 vols., 1807 KAMMIN, or CAMMIN, the chief town of a circle in the government district of Stettin, Prussia, is situated 2 miles from the Baltic coast, on the Kamminsche Bodden, a lake connected with the sea by the Dievenow. It is the seat of a local court. The venerable cathedral and the church of St Mary are noteworthy. Portland cement and knitted goods are produced in the town, which has also some fishing and shipping industry. There is daily steamer communication with Stettin, about 40 miles south-south-west. Kammin is of Wendish origin. From 1175 till 1628 it was the seat of a bishopric, which at the latter date became a secular principality, afterwards incorporated with Brandenburg. Population in 1875, 5499. KAMPEN, a town of Holland, in the province of Overyssel, stretches for nearly a mile along the left bank of the Yssel, about 3f miles above the mouth of the river. It is connected by railway with Zwolle. The town is traversed in its whole length by a canal, and the old walls have been transformed into promenades and drives. Three of the town gates are good examples of the style of such architecture in the 16th and 17th centuries. Of the seven churches the most noteworthy is St Nicholas, which ranks with the cathedral of Utrecht and St John s of Bois-le-Due as one of the three great mediaeval churches in the Nether lands. The town-hall, dating partly from the 16th century and partly from the 18th, is of interest both from its archi tecture and decorations and for the value of the archives. There are a theological seminary, a gymnasium, an upper burgher school, and a municipal school of design ; among the beneficent foundations the most notable is the Great Orphanage. The pasture land of the vicinity fosters a considerable trade in dairy produce ; and there are ship yards, rope-walks, a tool factory, cigar factories, paper mills, &c. The inhabitants numbered 7760 in 1840, 11,903 in 1870, and 16,454 in 1876. Kampen (variously Latinized as Campx, Campi, and Campania, ad Isalam] appears as early as 1172, and soon acquired municipal rights. In the 14th century it was the seat of a flourishing cloth manufacture, and as a member of the Hanseatic League it developed a large trade with Denmark and various parts of the Low Countries and Germany. The town was vainly besieged by Duke John of Bavaria in 1400 and by Jan van Ens in 1493. During the great wars of the 16th century it was occupied by the forces of the States in August 1572, a little later captured by Don Frederick, recovered for the States by Rennenberg in 1578, and attacked without success by Verdugo in 1584. The Minister party obtained possession of Kampen in 1672, but were expelled by the French in 1673. Kampen is to the Dutch what Gotham is traditionally to the Eng lish, or Schilda and Schb ppenstadt to the Germans. See E. Moulin, Histor. Kamper Kronijk ; Havard, Cities of the Zuyder Zee, 1876. KAMPTULICON. See FLOOR CLOTH, KAMRIJP, a district of Assam, India, extending along both banks of the Brahmaputra, between 25 50 and 26 53 N. lat,, and 90 40 and 92 2 E. long., bounded on the N. by Bhutan state, on the E. by Darrang and Nowgong districts, on the S. by the Khasi hills, and on the W. by Goalpara district. The general physical characteristics of Kamrup are those common to the whole valley of Assam. In the immediate neighbourhood of the Brahmaputra the land is low, and exposed to annual inundation. In this marshy tract reeds XIII. -- 105