Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/96

86 I N N I N N to check the simoniacal practices of the apostolic chamber, and in connexion with this to introduce a simpler and more economical manner of life into his court. He introduced various much-needed reforms into the States of the Church, and for the better administration of justice erected the Forum Innocentianum. In 1G93 he compelled the French bishops to retract the four propositions relating to the " Gallican Liberties" which had been formulated by the assembly of 1682. In 1699 he decided in favour of Bossuet in his controversy with Fenelon about the Explication des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Interieure of the latter. His pontificate contrasted with that of a series of predecessors in having marked leanings towards France instead of Germany. This benevolent, self-abnegating, and pious pope died on September 27, 1700, and was succeeded by Clement XI. INNOCENT XIII., Michael Augelo Conti, pope from 1721 to 1724, was born in 1655, and became cardinal under Clement XL in 1706. From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal nuncio to the kingdom of Portugal, where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the Jesuits which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them. In 1721 his high reputation for ability, learning, purity, and a kindly disposition secured his election to succeed Clement XL His pontificate was prosperous, but comparatively uneventful. He prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China, and ordered that no new members should be received into the order. This indication of his sympathies encouraged some French bishops to approach him with a petition for the recall of the bull " Unigenitus " by which Jansenism had been con demned; the request, however, was peremptorily denied. Innocent XIIL, like his predecessor, showed much favour to the English Pretender "James III.," and liberally sup ported him. He died March 7, 1724, and was succeeded by Benedict XIIL INNSBRUCK, or INNSPRTJCK (18,000), the chief town of Tyrol, Austria, is situated on the right bank of the Inn, not far from its junction with the Sill, in a beautiful valley surrounded by lofty mountains, which seern to overhang the town. It is connected with its suburbs on the left bank of the stream by three bridges. The old wooden bridge, which was the scene of a fierce struggle between the Tyrolese and the Bavarians in 1809, was replaced in 1871-72 by a handsome iron structure, and the banks of the Inn have, during the last few years, been widened and planted with trees. Innsbruck is the seat of the law courts and the usual administrative offices for the district of Tyrol and Vorarlberg. The town has broad streets, with four open places. The houses are handsome ; many of those in the old town date from the 17th and 18th centuries, and are built in the Italian style, adorned with frescoes, and having arcades beneath used as shops. The Franciscan or coure church (1553-1563), in the Renaissance style, con tains several works of art, of which the chief is the imposing cenotaph of the emperor Maximilian I. This monument of art, ono of the most important on the Continent, represents the emperor kneeling in prayer on a marble sarcophagus, surrounded by twenty-eight colossal bronze statues of his ancestors ; while on the sides of the sarcophagus there are twenty-four reliefs, depicting the chief events in Maximilian s life. Alexander Colin executed most of the reliefs (see vol. vi. p. 141) ; and Gilg Sesselschreiber, court-painter, had the general superintend ence of the work, and designed many of the statues. In the same church are the monuments of the patriots Hofer, Haspinger, and Speckbacher, and one in memory of the Tyrole.se who fell in defence of their country between 1796 and 1809. The silver chapel of the church contains a silver Madonna and altarpiece, and the graves of Archduke Ferdinand II. and his wife Philippa. In this church Christina of Sweden, daughter of Gustavius Adolphus, publicly adopted the Roman Catholic faith in 1654. Other churches worthy of note are the Pfarr-church, the Jesuits church, the Serviten church, and St John s of Nepomuk. There are numerous monastic institutions, including a Jesuits college, and a Capuchin convent, begun in 159 as the first of the order in Germany. The university, founded in 1672 and, after being twice suspended, finally reinstituted in 1826, had in 1880-81 a teaching-staff of 76, and (1879-80) 607 students. It possesses a fine library, and exhibitions to the annual value of ,1200. The Ferdinand - cum, an interesting national museum, was founded in 1845, and is maintained by private enterprise. The other chief buildings are the palace, completed in 1771, the theatre, the post-office, the landhaus, town-house, and other official buildings, and several schools and benevolent institutions. 1. National Theatre. 2. Town-house, Custom house. 3. PfaiT Church. 4. Burg or Palace. 5. Goltlne Dachl. Plan of Innsbruck. 0. Franciscan or Court Church. 7. University. 8. Jesuits Church. 9. Jesuits College. 10. Capuchin Monastery. 12. Landhaus. i:i. Post-Office. 14. Serviten Church. 15. Triumphal Arch. The Golden Roof (Goldne Dachl) is prominent on the front of a mansion built in 1425 at great expense by Frederick of the Empty Pockets, as a practical refutation of his nickname. Among the several monuments in the town are St Anna s pillar, erected in 1706 to commemorate the repulse of the French and Bavarians in 1703 ; the fountain, with a bronze statute of Duke Rudolf IV., raised in 1863-77 in memory of the five hundredth anniversary of the union of Tyrol with Austria ; statues of the archduke Leopold V. and of Walter von der Vogelweide ; and the triumphal arch erected in 1765, on the occasion of the marriage of the emperor Leopold II. to the infanta Maria Ludovica. The manufactures of Innsbruck comprise woollen and cotton goods, stained glass, leather, and machinery ; and there is considerable transit trade between Italy and Austria. The population in 1869 was 16,324; but in 1879 it was estimated at about 18,000, with a garrison of 2000 men. The ancient namr of the town was (Eni Pons or (Enipontum, of which Innsbruck (Bridge of Inn) is the German equivalent. It received town privileges in 1234 from Duke Otto 1. of Meran ; from that da to till about 3665 it was the capital of the Tyrolese counts; and after the union of Tyrol with Austria in 1363 it became a favourite residence of the emperors. In 1552 Maurice