L A H L A I 215
of the hills, which was called the Lahore canal. Other canals of the same kind he executed elsewhere. His chief work at Lahore is the tomb of his mother (1627), where he himself also was buried (1657), and which is known as the tomb of Ali Mardan Khan. Wazír Khan's chief works at Lahore are his own baradari or summer house (1631), the sarái and hammám (baths) in the street now called Hira Mandi (1635), the Rang Mahal or painted palace (1635), and the Pari Mahal or fairy palace (1638). Prince Dára Shiko, the emperor's son, who made Lahore his place of residence, built (1640) the tomb of Mián Mír, his religious teacher. Of the other works at Lahore of Shah Jahan's time the principal are the tombs of Nawáb Jáfar Khan (1631), of Shah Biláwal (1636), of Abu'l Hassan Khan (1641), of Shah Jamál (1651), and of the emperor's son, Prince Parvíz (1651), – also the tombs of two notable literary men, Muhammad Sálah, author of Bahár Dánish, and Sheikh Ináyat-Ullah, author of the historical work called Shah-jahán-námah. The mosque in the city called Wazír Khan's was built (1641) by the emperor in honour of his faithful servant whose name it bears. It is faced with beautiful káshi work of various colours, a kind of ornamentation largely used in the buildings of this time at Lahore. Decorated in the same manner is the gateway of the Gulábi Bagh made by Sultan Beg, the emperor's son-in-law. The Shalamar garden, restored and largely extended by Shah Jahan (1640), is one of the finest works at Lahore of his time. During Shah Jahan's reign Lahore was visited (1626) by two English travellers Mr Crowther and Mr Still; in 1638 by Mandelslo, a member of the Holstein embassy to Persia; and three years later by Manriquez, a Spaniard.
Aurangzíb (1658-1707), though he lived little at Lahore, contributed to it one of the largest and most important of the existing buildings, the Bádsháhi Masjid, or imperial mosque, built 1673-80. Two buildings at Lahore are connected with the name of Aurangzíb's daughter, Zíb-un-nissa, authoress of a book of poems called the Díwán-i-Makhfi. One is the gateway of her garden (1665) called Chau-burji (four towered) and now Si-burji (three towered), one of the corner minarets having been cut away by the water of a neighbouring nullah. The other is her tomb, built 1670. The tombs of Shah Chirágh (1658), of Sultana Begam, daughter of Shah Jahán, wife of Sultan Beg (1660), and of Abd'ur Rizák, Makki (1673), which is known as the lila gumbaz, or blue dome, – are the best of the other remains at Lahore of the work of Aurangzíb's reign.
From the reign of Aurangzíb's successor, Bahadur Shah (Shah Alam I.), Lahore has little to show except two small buildings of 1710, one Hindu and one Mohammedan – the Chaubara, or hall, of Chajjú Bhagat, and the tomb of Pír Ain-ul-Kamál. One of the city gates bears the name of Shah Alam. In the reign of Mohammed Shah, the third from Shah Alam (1719-48), Lahore came in the path of another of the ruthless invaders from the west, Nádir Kuli Khan, better known as Nadir Shah (1737), who rapidly swept over the plains of the Punjab to the chief city. He was met but not actively resisted by the governor of Lahore, and Nadir's army en camped for a time at Shálamár. Again, in the repeated invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdáli (1748-1767), in the reigns of his namesake Ahmad Shah and of Alamgir II., Lahore had to take its part, with varied fortunes, but with no important permanent result. To the reign of Ahmad Shah (1748-54) belongs one little building which makes some show in the city, the Masjid Tilái, or golden (now commonly called Suynahri which has the same meaning), having its domes covered with gilt plates of copper (1750). This is the latest work of the kind at Lahore before the Mohammedan power in the Punjab was subverted by the Sikhs, who obtained temporary pos session of the city eight years later, and, with rapidly growing influence as well as numbers, soon became a formidable enemy of the nominal rulers, till, finally, they became masters of Lahore, under Ranjít Singh. Lahore was conferred upon Ranjít in the end of last century by the last of the invaders of India from the west, Zamán Shah, when the last of the reigning Mughals, Shah Alam II., had lost all real hold of this northern part of his empire. The long, vigorous, and expansive rule of Ranjít Singh brings Lahore within the general history of the Sikhs and of the Punjab, and con nects the Punjab directly with the history of British India.
Except the additions which Ranjít Singh made to the defences of the city little work of usefulness or adornment was done in his days at Lahore which did not owe something very directly to works of earlier times. Ranjít built a large summer house, which he called Tar-ghar, on the remains of prince Kamrán's Dil-kusha, or country palace, on the bank of the Rávi opposite Lahore. The fine marble baradari which he set up in the middle of the Huzúri Bagh was taken from Jahángir's tomb at Shahdara.
Lahore in the time of Ranjít Singh has been the subject of many descriptions and narratives from many pens. Very interesting are the accounts in Victor Jacquemont's Letters and Sir Henry Lawrence's Adventurer in the Punjab. The pictures of Ranjít's court at Lahore introduce also the figures of men whose names became very familiar to English ears in the later days of Ranjít's reign: the Hindu brothers Dhyán Singh and Ghuláb Singh, the men of action and intrigue; ihe Mussulman brothers Azíz-ud-dín and Nur-ud-dín (of the Fakír family as it is called), the men of business; the sagacious counsellor Dína Nath; the French military officers Allard, Ventura, Court; and others. But the great figure always in these Lahore pictures is the small, one-eyed maharaja himself. Uneducated, but full of knowledge, which was power, – of a feeble frame worse enfeebled by himself, but of astonishing energy and indomitable will, he made the whole Punjab his own, and created for his own use an army the most powerful and best organized that Britain has ever encountered in India. Ranjít Singh died in 1839, leaving to his successors this dangerous legacy, consisting of sixty regiments of regular infantry and a larger force of irregulars, numbering in all 92,000; cavalry, 31,800; artillery, 171 garrison guns and 384 field pieces.
Immediately after the close of his life began the wild anarchy and bloodshed of which Lahore was the constant scene for years following. Within four months Ranjít's son and successor Kharak Singh was removed by death, in what way is not clearly known. The reign of Nan Nihál Singh, who came after him, lasted a few days only. A longer time of power was enjoyed by Shír Singh, who at length was murdered in 1843. After a time of worse confusion, constant fighting, and more murders, Dhalíp Singh, a young son of Ranjít, became maharaja, – the government, such as it was, being in the hands of his mother, and of the vizier Lál Singh. Seven years after Ranjít Singh's death a great part of his great army, which had come to feel its strength and make it felt, when no longer held in the -iron grasp of its only master, crossed the Sutlej into British territory, and took thus the first step towards its own destruction. The result, after four great conflicts, one of them a conflict of unexampled peril to the British power in India, was the first occupation of Lahore by English troops in March 1846. Of Lahore in British hands an account has been given above.
The tomb of Ranjít Singh, a building of no great architectural merit, which stands just outside the Roshnai gate, was in progress when the city was taken possession of in 1846, and was completed after the annexation of the Punjab in 1849.
See Á'in-i-Akbarí; Elliot, Historians of India; Calcutta Review, vols. i., ii., vi., viii., ix., xxvi., &c.; Lahore, by T. H. Thornton and J. L. Kipling; Bernier's Travels; D. J. Martin Honigberger, Thirty-Five Years in the East; Thevenot's Travels; Joannes de Laet, De Imperio Magni Mogolis; Manouchi, General History of the Mogul Empire; Victor Jacquemont, Journey in India; Adventurer in the Punjab (republished as Adventures of Bellasis); Annual Administration Reports of the Punjab, &c.(R. M'L.*)
LAHR, chief town of an official district in the circle of
Offenburg, Baden, is situated on the Schutter, about 9
miles south of Offenburg. As one of the busiest towns
in Baden, it carries on manufactures of tobacco and cigars,
woollen goods, chicory, leather, pasteboard, hats, and nume
rous other articles, and has besides considerable trade. The
population in 1875 was 8491.
LAIBACH, or LAYBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana), capital of the duchy of Carniola, Austria, is situated on the Laibach near its influx into the Save, and on the Crown Prince Rudolph and Austrian Southern Railways, 45 miles north-east of Trieste, in 46 3 N. lat., 14 31 E. long. It consists of the town proper and eight suburbs, and pos sesses a cathedral in the Italian style, ten churches, the palaces of the prince and count of Auersperg, an ancient castle on the Schlossberg now used as a military depot and prison, besides the usual public buildings and educational establishments of a provincial capital and episcopal see. There are manufactories of earthenware, linen and woollen cloth, silk, fire-hose, and cigars ; oil, paper, and chicory mills; a sugar refinery, and a bell-foundry. On the 31st December 1880 the civil population was 24,618 (11,185 males, 13,433 females); together with the military it was 20,284. The native language is Slovenian, but the educated classes speak German or Italian.
Laibach occupies the site of the ancient Emona or Æmona. In 388 A.D. Emona was visited by the emperor Theodosius; in 400 it was besieged by Alaric; and in 451 it was desolated by the Huns. In 900 Laibach suffered much from the Magyars, who were, how ever, defeated there in 914. In the 12th century the town passed into the hands of the dukes of Carinthia; in 1270 it was taken by Ottocar of Bohemia; and in 1277 it came under the sway of the Hapsburgs. In the early part of the 15th century the town was several times besieged by the Turks. The bishopric was founded in 1461. On the 17th March 1797 and again 3d June 1809 Laibach was taken by the French, and from 1809 to 1813 it became the seat of their general government of the Illyrian provinces. From 1816 to 1849 Laibach was the capital of the kingdom of Illyria. For the congress of Laibach (January to May 1821) see vol. xiii. p. 486.
