L I E L I E 569 Arches, rebuilt in 1860-63, dates originally from the 8th century, and plays a prominent part in the local annals. Place St Lambert is the historical centre of Liége. Here still stands the noble building – erected (1508-40) by Cardinal de la Marck in a late Gothic style – which down to the revolution was the palace of the prince-bishops, and is now with its modern extensions occupied by the public courts and other administrative offices. And here, till it was ruined by the revolutionists in 1794, and completely removed in 1808, stood the old cathedral of St Lambert, originally founded in 712, and rebuilt after a great fire at the close of the 12th century. The rank of cathedral was in 1802 transferred to the abbey-church of St Paul, the foundation of which is assigned to 968, though the nave is no older than the 16th century, and the choir belongs to 1280. The stained glass and the wood carving of the pulpit by Geefs deserve particular mention. Other churches of note are St Jacques, a fine Gothic building founded in 1016, with a Romanesque west tower and a polygonal choir; St Barthélemy, a completely modernized basilica of the 12th century; St Martin, founded in 962 and rebuilt in the middle of the 16th century; and the Holy Cross, founded by Notker in 979, with a west choir dating from the 12th century, and the east choir and nave from the 14th. The university of Liége, established in 1817, is a flourishing institution with about 40 professors and 800 students, a library of 100,000 volumes, a botanic garden (1819, formerly the Jesuits' garden), a school of mines (1825), a school of arts and manufactures, a normal grammar school, and several other auxiliary foundations. There is no theological faculty, – the theological seminary, with a large library of its own, being an independent insti tution. The city further possesses a blind asylum, a deaf and dumb institute, schools of design, painting, and music, a zoological garden, a municipal museum, &c. The Place d'Avroi is adorned by an equestrian statue of Charlemagne by Jehotte; and in front of the theatre stands a bronze statue of Gretry, the composer, who was born at Liége.
Liége is the centre of a great mining district rich in coal, lead,
zinc, and iron; the coal-mines extend under the city and the
river. In 1879 358,100 tons of coal were raised in the province,
22,156 persons being employed in the pits. The iron, lead, and zinc
foundries in the town and neighbourhood work up large quantities
of ore in addition to the local supply. Steel, copper, and tin wares,
steam-engines and general machinery, woollen goods, excellent
saws and files, nails, needles, mirrors, clocks, leather, paper, and
oil are among the products of the versatile industry of the place.
Liége firearms have long enjoyed a wide reputation. They give
employment to about 30,000 workmen, who for the most part work
in their own houses, though in 1878 a large factory was erected in
the American style for making all parts of the weapon by machinery.
In 1878 183,806 single-barrelled guns, 113,121 double-barrelled
guns, 403,649 revolvers, 19,395 saddle pistols, and about 85,000
army weapons, &c., were passed by Liége through the Government
testing office. The trade of Liége is favoured by the fact that the
town is an important junction on the Rhenish Belgian Railway,
commands more than one navigable river, and has long been one of
the leading cattle-markets in the country. The population was
115,956 in 1874.
About 720 the bishops of Tongres, after oscillating between Tongres and Maestricht, settled at Liége, though they did not take the title bishop of Liége for more than two centuries. Their church of St Lambert received large territorial endowments, and in the 14th cen tury they became princes of the empire. For centuries the struggle was maintained between episcopal tyranny and civic independence; and ducal and imperial armies were called in to crush the insurrec tions. In this way Charles the Bold of Burgundy made himself master of the city in 1467, and again with much bloodshed and barbarity in 1468. Bishop Ferdinand in 1650 and Bishop Maxi milian in 1684 were each imposed on the citizens by force of arms, and kept them down by means of a strong citadel and foreign sol diers. In 1691 Liége was bombarded for five days by Marshal de Boufflers; in 1702 Marlborough took the citadel by storm from a French garrison; and in 1792 the town was the scene of a great defeat of the Austrians by the French.
See Henaux, Hist. du pays de Liége; Polain, Hist. de l'ancien pays de Liége, and Liége pittoresque; Polain and Raikem, Coutumes du pays de Liége; Baron de Gerlache, Hist. de Liége (2d ed., 1859); Becdelièvre, Biographie Liégeoise.
LIEGNITZ, the capital of a district of the same name in the Prussian province of Silesia, is picturesquely situated on the Katzbach, just above its junction with the Schwarzwasser, and 40 miles west-north-west of Breslau. It consists of an old town, surrounded by pleasant, shady promenades, and several well-built suburbs. The most prominent building is the palace of the former dukes of Liegnitz, rebuilt after a fire in 1835, and now occupied by the administrative offices of the district. The Ritter Academie, founded by the emperor Joseph in 1708, for the education of the young Silesian nobles, was reconstructed as a gymnasium in 1810. The Roman Catholic church, with two fine towers, contains the burial vault of the dukes. The principal Lutheran church dates from the 14th century. There are also several other churches and schools, and a number of benevolent institutions. The theatre, the barracks, the military hospital, and the town-house are the most noteworthy of the remaining buildings. The manufactures of Liegnitz are considerable, the chief articles being cloth, wool, leather, tobacco, and pianos. Its trade in grain and its cattle-markets are likewise important. The large market gardens in the suburbs grow vegetables to the value of £20,000 per annum. Population in 1880 37,168, about one-sixth being Roman Catholics.
Liegnitz is first mentioned in an historical document in the year 1004. In 1164 it became the seat of the dukes of Liegnitz, who greatly improved and enlarged it, especially in 1170 and 1175. The dukes were members of the illustrious Piast family, which gave so many kings to Poland. At Wahlstatt, near Liegnitz, the tide of Mongolian invasion was stemmed, in 1241, in a hard-fought battle between the Tartars and the Christian chivalry under the duke of Silesia. The victory, indeed, remained with the invaders, but the obstinate resistance deterred them from any further attack on Germany. During the Thirty Years' War Liegnitz was taken by the Swedes, but was soon recaptured by the Imperialists. The Saxon army also defeated the imperial troops near Liegnitz in 1634. On the death of the last duke of Liegnitz in 1675, the duchy came into the possession of Austria, which retained it until the Prussian conquest of Silesia in 1740-45. In 1760 Frederick the Great gained a decisive victory near Liegnitz over the Austrians under Laudon, and in 1813 the list of important battles in this neighbourhood was completed by Blücher's defeat of the French at the battle of the Katzbach. During the present century Liegnitz has been uniformly prosperous, and its population has increased fivefold since 1800.
See Schuchard, Die Stadt Liegnitz (Berlin, 1868); Sammter and Kraffert, Chronik von Liegnitz (Liegnitz, 1861-73).
LIEN, in English and American law, properly means
a right of detaining goods of another in your possession
until a debt due to you from the owner of the goods is
paid. To the original or common law conception of a lien
it would appear to be necessary that the goods over which
lien is claimed should be actually in the possession of the
creditor, and further that the debt should have been incurred
with reference to the goods which are detained. Such is
the lien of the workman to whom articles are delivered for
the purpose of being operated upon by him in the way of
his trade. He is entitled to keep the article he has worked
at until remuneration for his labour has been made to him.
Of precisely the same character is the lien of the carrier
over the goods conveyed by him, for the fare; of the
farrier over the horse which he has cured, for his fee; of
blacksmiths, shipwrights, and other artificers for the wages
they have earned by working at or on the thing detained.
This, the true lien of the English law, is denominated a
particular lien in contradistinction to a right of detainer
exercisable over the property of another for a debt not
incurred in relation to the thing detained. The latter is
a general lien. The former is said to be favourably, the
latter strictly, construed by the law. The former arises by
implication of law from the relation of the parties; the
latter requires a special contract either expressed in terms
or to be inferred from the usage of trade. Again, as pos
session is the foundation of lien in common law, a parting
with the possession would in general operate as a waiver
