Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 14.djvu/702

678 L I N L I N

the fire is then suddenly withdrawn, and the oil is left covered up in the boiler for ten hours or more. Before sending out, it is usually stored in settling tanks for a few weeks, during which time the uncombined dryers settle at the bottom as "foots." Besides the dryers already mentioned, acetate of lead, borate of manganese, binoxide of manganese, sulphate of zinc, and other bodies are used. The theory of the influence of boiling and of the addition of these bodies on linseed oil is not well understood. By Liebig it was suggested that they simply removed the mucilaginous and other foreign constituents of the oil which by their presence intercepted the action of oxygen; but by Chevreul and others the opinion was held that the chemicals used, by giving up oxygen to the oil, thereby induce a more rapid and energetic absorption from the air. However this may be, it does not appear at least that boiling is essential for the production of that active condition of the oil, as it may also be induced by treatment of cold raw oil with lead acetate and other agencies. Boiled oil is now very largely used in the manufacture of linoleum floor-cloth. See LINOLEUM.

Linseed oil is also the principal ingredient in printing and litho graphic inks. The oil for ink-making is prepared by heating it in an iron pot up to the point where it either takes fire spontaneously or can be ignited with any flaming substance. After the oil has been allowed to burn for some time according to the consistence of the varnish desired, the pot is covered over, and the product when cooled forms a viscid tenacious substance which in its most concen trated form may be drawn into threads. By boiling this varnish with dilute nitric acid vapours of acrolein are given off, and the substance gradually becomes a solid non-adhesive mass the same as the ultimate oxidation product of both raw and boiled oil. Linseed oil is subject to various falsifications, chiefly through the addition of cotton-seed, niger-seed, and hemp-seed oils; and rosin oil and mineral oils also are not infrequently added. Except by smell, by change of specific gravity, and by deterioration of drying properties, these adulterations aredilficult to detect. (J. PA.)

LINUS is one of a numerous class of heroic figures in Greek legend, of which other examples may be found under HYACINTHUS, ADONIS. The connected legend is always of the same character: a beautiful youth, fond of hunting and rural life, the favourite of some god or goddess, suddenly perishes by a terrible death in spite of the heavenly love that would fain protect him. In some cases nothing is known to us with certainty beyond the mythological figure, but in many cases the religious back ground from which the legend stands out in relief has been preserved to us; in such cases we see that an annual ceremonial, everywhere of the same enthusiastic character, commemorated the legend. At Argos this religious charac ter of the Linus myth was best preserved: the secret child of Psamathe by the god Apollo, Linus is exposed, nursed by sheep, and torn in pieces by the sheep-dogs. Every year in the festival Arnis or Cynophontis, the women of Argos mourned for Linus and propitiated Apollo, who in revenge for his child's death had sent a plague on the Argive children. The grave of Linus, like that of Hyacinthus at Amyclæ, was shown at Argos, at Thebes, at Chalcis, and probably at other places. The enthusiasm and abandon which characterized the similar festivals over Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria prove that it was part of the nature worship which spread in various forms by different roads and at different periods from the East into Greece. The songs of lamentation which accompanied the festival strongly impressed the Greeks, and it is most probable that the Phœnician words ai lenu, ai lenu, which formed the burden of the Adonis songs, originated the Greek words Linus and (Greek characters). The Linus song is frequently mentioned in Greek literature, Homer, Il., xviii. 569; Pind., Fr. 139 (Bergk), &c.; the tragic poets often use the word (Greek characters) as the refrain in mournful songs, and Euripides calls the custom Phrygian (Or. 1380). In Phrygia the mythic correspondent of Linus is called Lityerses. There can be no doubt that Linus, Adonis, Manerus, Narcissus, &c., are personifications of the life and bloom of nature suddenly slain by the hot sun of summer, while with the religious mourning over the catastrophe of nature were intertwined the ideas of life in relation to death, of good and evil, and so on. The religious side of the Linus myth seems hardly to have

existed in Greece outside of Argos; in Thebes, which also was a chief home of the legend, Linus was a hero of song and music. In this form he has passed into literature, e.g., Virgil, Ecl., vi. 67. He is conceived as the inventor of musical methods, especially of the (Greek characters), a kind of lament; this idea was expanded in various ways, particularly by the Alexandrine poets, and finally he was, after the analogy of Musæus, transformed into a composer of prophecies and legends.

See Brugsch, Die Adonis Klage und das Linos Lied, &c.

LINUS, one of the saints of the Gregorian canon, was, according to the Breviarium Romanum, the immediate successor of Peter in the see of Rome. He was a native of Volterra, who had attained a high degree of sanctity, and by his prevailing faith was able, not only to cast out devils, but to raise the dead. He wrote an account of the res gestæ of Peter, especially of his controversy with Simon Magus. He was beheaded by the orders of the ungrateful consul Saturninus, whose daughter he had freed from demoniac possession, after a pontificate of eleven years two months and twenty-three days. The authorities for the statement that Linus was, leaving Peter out of account, the earliest president of the Roman Church, are very early (Irenæus, Adv. Hær., iii. 3, 3; Euseb., H. E., iii. 2, 13); and that there actually was a presbyter of that name may be gathered from 2 Tim. iv. 21. According to Tertullian, however (De Præscr., 32), Peter appointed Clement to be his successor. The genuineness of the alleged epitaph of Linus found in Rome is now no longer maintained; and the two books on the martyrdom of Peter and Paul, which pass under his name, must also be regarded as apocryphal and late.

Plan of Linz. 1. New Cathedral. 2. Academy. 3. Post Office. 4. Telegraph Office. 5. Public Library. 6. Military Hospital. 7. Theatre.

LINZ, capital of Upper Austria, and see of a bishop, in 48 19 N. lat., 14 16 E. long., lies upon the right bank of the Danube, 98 miles west of Vienna, at the junction of the Kaiserin-Elizabeth Western Railway with a line from Prague and Budweis. The market-town of Urfahr, on the opposite side of the river, is connected with the city by an iron bridge 700 feet in length, constructed in 1872. Linz possesses two cathedrals, one dating from 1670, and another, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, com menced in 1862, and still unfinished, a Lutheran (1845) and several Roman Catholic churches, the new synagogue opened in 1877, and many religious houses. The old