Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 16.djvu/825

M O N M O N 795 and ultimately became one of the leading merchants in Montreal. At his death in 1813 he left his property for the founding of a col lege. The most recent and liberal addition to it is the Peter Red- path Museum, valued at upwards of $100,000, the gift of a wealthy citizen. The university embraces the faculties of arts, law, and medicine, and has also a department of practical science. The college buildings stand in a pleasant park fronting on Sherbrooke Street, at the base of the Mountain. Theological colleges in con nection with the Church of England, the Presbyterian, Methodist, and Congregational Churches, occupy buildings in the vicinity, and their students attend the classes at M Gill College for secular instruc tion. The Seminary of St Sulpice is a theological training school for priests, where the larger portion of the Roman Catholic clergy of the province of Quebec have received their training, and also a college where a large number of the French Canadian youth obtain their education. This seminary is held in high esteem, and attracts many Roman Catholic students from the United States. Laval University, which has its chief seat at Quebec, has also a branch at Montreal, with a large staif of professors, chiefly in theology, law, and medicine. The M Gill and the Jacques Cartier Normal Schools for training teachers for the Protestant and Roman Catholic public schools are conducted under the Protestant and Roman Catholic boards of public instruction ; and model schools attached to them afford the requisite practical training for teachers. The principal public monuments are the column erected in honour of Lord Nelson, and a bronze statue of Queen Victoria, by the late Marshall Wood, which occupies a good site in Victoria Square. The commerce of Montreal is well represented by the architec tural character of its banking establishments and many of the large mercantile houses. It is also the seat of a large manufacturing industry. But the most substantial evidence of its importance as a commercial centre is its harbour. The solidly-built basins, wharves, quays, and canal locks extend for upwards of a mile and a half along the river-side. In 1849, at a period of depression, the total value of the imports and exports amounted to 2,013,478 sterling. In 1882 they had risen to 15,633,657 sterling. The business of the port at the same date is thus expressed in Canadian currency: total value of exports $26, 334,3r2,ofimports$49,749,461; customs duties collected estimated at $8,100,366. The number of sea-going vessels in port was 648, of which fully one-half were ocean steamers, in addition to which the inland vessels arriving at the port numbered 6543. The estimated value of real estate in Montreal is $65,978,930. The population in 1851 numbered 57,715 ; in 1881 it had increased to 140,747, of whom 78,684 were of French and 28, 995 of Irish origin, and of the whole number, 1 03,579 were Roman Catholic. The city returns three members to the Canadian House of Commons, and the same number to the provincial legislature of Quebec. When the first French explorers landed on the island of Montreal under the leadership of Jacques Cartier in 1535, a large Indian palisaded town existed a little to the west of Mount Royal, and not far from the present English cathedral. To this fortified town the Indians gave the name of Hochelaga, and Jacques Cartier describes it as surrounded by fields of grain and other evidences of a settled native population. The name is now applied to the eastern suburb of the modern city. Sixty years later, when Samuel de Champlain made his way up the St Lawrence, and climbed to the summit of Mount Royal, the populous native town had disappeared, and only two Indians were found from whom some obscure hints were derived of war between rival tribes, followed by the destruction of the town and the extermination or flight of its former occupants. The enmity thus established between the Wyandotts or Hurons of Canada and the Iroquois settled in the valley of the Hudson and south of Lake Ontario was perpetuated throughout the whole period of French occupation. Champlain took the side of the Hurons, while the Iroquois allied themselves with the Dutch and English settlers on the Hudson. Thus the early history of Montreal is largely occupied with incidents of Indian warfare. In 1665 the marquis de Tracy arrived from France, bringing with him a regiment of French soldiers, with whose aid the Indian assailants were driven off, and forts erected and garrisoned to repel their incursions ; thus pro tected, Montreal became the centre of the fur trade with the west, and entered on its history as a commercial city. In 1722 it was fortified with a bastioned wall and ditch, under the directions of De Lery ; and the citadel was erected on a height now laid out as Dalhousie Square. The taking of Quebec by the English under General Wolfe in 1759 was followed ere long by the surrender of Montreal. Since that date it has rapidly developed as an impor tant centre of commercial and manufacturing enterprise. (D. W.) MONTROSE, a royal and parliamentary borough and seaport of Forfarshire, Scotland, is situated on the German Ocean at the mouth of the South Esk, on a branch of the Caledonian Railway, 30 miles east-north-east of Dundee, and 38 south-south-west of Aberdeen. Its harbour basin, formed by the estuary of the South Esk, has an area of about 4 square miles, and is dry at ebb-tide, but at high water there is a depth of about 18 feet at the bar. The length of the quays and docks is about 1| miles. The South Esk is crossed by a suspension bridge erected in 1829 at a cost of 20,000, and having a length from the points of suspension of 422 feet (with its approaches 800 feet). On the links to the east of the town is one of the finest golfing greens in Scotland. In the High Street, which is of considerable width, and contains several very lofty houses, there are monuments to Sir Robert Peel and to Joseph Hume, formerly member for the Montrose boroughs. The principal buildings are the parish church one of the largest churches in Scotland the town-house, the infirmary, and the academy. There is a public library with 19,000 volumes, and a mechanics library with 7000 volumes. Besides the staple industry of flax-spinning, there are manufactures of linen, sail-cloth, sheetings, starch, and soap. Iron-founding, tanning, and brewing are also carried on. The export trade is chiefly in manufactured goods, agricultural produce, and fish ; the principal imports are timber and coal. In 1881 the number of ships that entered coastwise was 373 of 48,828 tons, the number that cleared 250 of 21,877 tons; the number engaged in the foreign and colonial trade in the same year was entered 108 of 34,868 tons, cleared 42 of 10,359 tons. Montrose is also one of the principal fishing-stations in Scotland, the number of registered boats in 1881 being 342 of 4168 tons, giving constant employment to 697 persons, and occa sional employment to 300. Montrose joins with Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, and Inverbervie in returning one member to parliament. The population of the royal burgh in 1871 was 15,720, and 16,280 in 1881 ; the population of the parliamentary burgh in the same years was 14,452 and 14,975. Montrose received a charter from David I. in the 12th century, and was made a royal burgh by David II. in 1352. The town was destroyed by fire in 1244. It was from the port of Montrose that Sir James Douglas in 1330 embarked for the Holy Land with the heart of Bruce, and that Prince James Stuart, "the Old Pretender," set sail in 1716 for France, after the failure of his cause in Scotland. The town is the birthplace of Andrew Melville, of the great marquis of Montrose, and of Joseph Hume. MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUIS OF (1612- 1650), born in 1612, became the fifth earl of Montrose by his father s death in 1626. He was educated at St Andrews ; and in 1629, at the early age of seventeen, he married Magdalene Carnegie, daughter of the earl of Southesk. In 1636, on his way home from a prolonged visit to the Conti nent, he sought an introduction to Charles I., but, as it is said, was frustrated in his hope of obtaining the king s favour by an intrigue of the marquis of Hamilton. Not long after the outbreak of the Scottish troubles in 1637 he joined the party of resistance, and was for some time its most energetic champion. He had nothing puritanical in his nature, but he shared in the ill feeling aroused in the Scottish nobility by the political authority given by Charles to the bishops, and in the general indignation at the king s ill-judged scheme of imposing upon Scotland a liturgy which had been drawn up at the instigation of the English court, and which had been corrected in England by that Archbishop Laud who now became known in Scot land under the nickname of " the pope of Canterbury." Montrose s chivalrous enthusiasm eminently qualified him to be the champion of a national cause, and the resistance of Scotland was quite as much national as it was religious. He signed the Covenant, and became one of the foremost Covenanters. The part assigned to him wj s the suppres sion of the opposition to the popular cause which arose around Aberdeen and in the country of the Gordons. Three

times, in July 1638, and in March and June 1639, Montrose