NARCOTICS 231 to pain, or sleep, will inevitably in larger doses cause pro found coma ending in death. Hence we find the same substances sometimes classed as anodynes and at other times as hypnotics. For example, small doses of opium, or of one or other of its preparations, relieve pain, whilst larger doses act as hypnotics, causing deep sleep passing into coma. As examples of anodynes, we have opium and some of the alkaloids in it, Cannabis indica or Indian hemp, belladonna and its alkaloid atropia, hyoscyamus or henbane and its alkaloid hyoscyamia, and the anaesthetics properly so called, such as chloroform, ether, ethidene, &c. The hypnotics are such substances as opium and its alka loids, chloral hydrate, hyoscyamus, lactucarium (obtained from Lactuca virosa, the strong-scented lettuce), and pre parations of Humulus Lupulus (the common hop)^ such as inhalations of the steam of infusions, or hop-pillows. In addition we may group as narcotics certain substances which cause not only narcotism, but also the specific effect Name of Substance. Name of Plant. Common Names. Alkaloids. Physiological Action. Poisonous Dose. Treatment of Case of Poisoning. Opium. Inspissated Opium, In 100 parts of Described in text. Acts on all Varies according to Evacuate the stomach by an juice of Papa- fine opium 10 parts classes of animals. May cause con habit. Opium eaters emetic or by the stomach-pump. ver somnifer- of morphia, 6 of vulsions from increased activity of can take 20 to 30 grains Give at once a large table-spoonful um, or poppy. narcotina, 1 of pa- reflex centres in the spinal cord, with impunity. 1 to 3 of mustard in a tumblerful of paverina, 15 of especially in animals having small grains produce wtll- tepid water, and repeat in a quar thebaia or para- brains. Causes slowing of heart s marked symptoms in ter of an hour if necessarv; to be morphia, "03 of action by stimulation of inhibitory ordinary persons. Me- : followed by a powder containing codeia, 01 of me- nerves of heart. Destroys the dicinal dose for adult 30 grains of sulphate of zinc and conia, -02 of nar- KCtion of the respiratory centres in is 1 to 2 grains. 20 grains of ipecacuanha powder. ceia, and 4 of me- medulla. Stimulates oculo-motor Keep up respiration by constantly conic acid. centres, and hence causes contrac inducing the patient to breathe tion of pupil. voluntarily. Cause the patient to walk about, and endeavour to keep him awake. Give him very strong infusions of coffee or tea, especially green tea. In the last stages use artificial respiration. Morphia. From opium. Morphia. Morphia, Similar to opium. Papaverina, Varies according to Same as for opium. See above. C I7 H, 9 N0 3 H 2 0, narceia, meconia, cryptopia, codeia, habit. 2 to 3 grains employed as hydro- and thebaia or paramorphia have by stomach dangerous. el ilo rate of morphia all actions of a narcotic character, J of a grain for an or acetate of but codeia and thebaia have more adult man or ^ for morphia. of an exciting action and little of an adult woman is the a narcotic action. largest safe dose when injected under the skin. Indian Alcoholic ex Indian hemp. No alkaloid has Exhilaration; great mental excite Varies much with dif Seldom fatal. If a large dose Hemp. tract of Canna- Gunjah is the dried been separated. ment, with pleasant and often gor ferent specimens of has been taken, use emetic of bii tativa, as plant sold in Cal The resin is the geous visions ; a state of ecstasy, resin. J of a grain mustard and water, or stomach- it grows in cutta bazaars for active preparation. with loud laughter; loss of sense of may cause marked pump ; after this keep the patient India and in smoking ; Churrus time, or a feeling as if pleasurable effects. 2 to 3 grains quiet, allay excitement, and if America. is the resinous sensations were infinitely pro dangerous. symptoms of depression come on exudation of the longed. Pupils dilated. Loss of small doses of alcohol are useful. epidermis ; Hash strength, drowsiness, sleep, coma. ish is an Arabian preparation. Belladonna. Leaves and Deadly night Atropia. See Atropia. ... roots of Atropa shade. Belladonna. Atropia. Atropa Bella Atropine. Atropine, See description in test. In 80 grains of root have Same treatment as for opium donna. C I7 H 2 ,N0 3 , creased frequency of pulse, with caused death. Some poisoning. The object aimed at employed as sul- rise of arterial pressure. Fall of times the medicinal is to prevent absorption of the phate of atropine. blood pressure with very large extract of belladonna poison by the free use of emetics. doses. Paralyses the inhibitory is so weak that a dose External stimulation by bathing action of the vagus nerve, so of 2 drachms may not the feet in mustard and water, that stimulation of this nerve dur be fatal. ^ or -fa of by rubbing or kneading the skin, ing atropine poisoning does not a grain of atropine along with the free use of tannic cause slowing of heart. Small may cause alarming acid suspended in water, are the doses cause contraction of capillary symptoms, and half a best remedial measures. There vessels, thus acting as a stimulant grain would almost is often retention of urine. This to vaso-motor centres. Destroys certainly be fatal. must be relieved by the catheter. the excitability of motor nerves passing to muscles generally, thus producing inability to move. Weakens and finally abolishes the reflex excitability of the spinal cord. Large doses weaken action , of motor nerves concerned in the movements of respiration. Sup presses secretion of the mucous and salivary glands, probably by paralysing secretory nerves. Large doses lower the temperature of the body. Causes dilatation of pupil, lessened intra-ocular pressure, and paralysis of accommodation. Stramonium Leaves and Jamestown weed, Daturia, identical Same as belladonna and atropia. Not ascertained. Treatment the same as for bella seeds of Datura thorn-apple. with atropia. Children have been donna and atropia. Stramonium. poisoned by eating the seeds. Hyoscyamus Leaves and Henbane. Hyoscyamia. Almost identical with atropia. ^ of a grain of Treatment the same as for bella seeds of Hyos C 15 H 23 N0 3 . There is even greater excitement hyoscyamia will cause donna and atropia. cyamus niyer. than in cases of belladonna poison appreciable effects. ing, indicating a stronger action jV of a grain causes on the cerebrum. The action of sleepiness, dryness of the heart is first stimulated as with mouth, and dilatation atropia, but it is afterwards much of pupil. Jj causes depressed, as shown by the lessen quickening of heart s ing number of pulse beats. Pupil action; and -f, will dilated. Mouth dry and parched. produce first quicken ing and then slowing of the heart. The half of a grain would be dmgerous. Hops. The dried The hop or hop- Lupulina. A feeble narcotic, causing, when Not regarded as a strobiles of the vine. infusions are taken freely heavi poison. female plant ness, and perhaps sleep. of Humitlus Lupulus. Lactucarium Concrete Juice of lettuce. Lactuciuia. Very feeble narcotic. In very Not regarded as a iuice of Lac- large doses, say half an ounce, has poison. tuca virosa.
- i soothing sedative effect.
