Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/380

366 E U N E V carried on in wood, grain, fruits, and wine, all of which are produced extensively in the vicinity. Neustadt, which received its municipal charter in 1275, now contains (1880) 11,411 inhabitants, of whom 6987 are Protestants and 4028 Roman Catholics. It is one of the centres of the Ehenish "grape-cure," which attracts numerous visitors. NEUSTADT-EBERSWALDE, now officially named EBERSWALDE simply, is a manufacturing town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, situated 28 miles to the north west of Berlin, on a canal connecting the Oder and the Havel. It possesses a mineral spring, which has lately attracted numerous summer visitors, but its chief import ance arises from its various industries, which include iron- founding and the making of horse-shoe nails, roofing material (Dachpappe, a kind of thick pasteboard), and bricks. A considerable trade is carried on in grain, wood, and coals. In the immediate vicinity are one of the chief brass-foundries in Germany and an extensive Government paper-mill, in which the paper for the notes of the national bank (ReichsbanJc] is manufactured. The town contains no noteworthy buildings except the large lunatic asylum for the province, and the school of forestry, which is attended by students from all parts of Germany. There are two Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic church, and a synagogue. In 1880 the population was 11,524, including 436 Roman Catholics and 171 Jews. Neustadt-Eberswalde received its municipal charter in 1237, and was taken and sacked during the Thirty Years War. In 1747 Frederick the Great brought a colony of Thuringian cutlers to the town, but this branch of industry has entirely died out. About 4 miles to the north lies the old Cistercian monastery of Chorin, the fine Gothic church of which contains the tombs of several margraves of Brandenburg. NEU-STETTUST, a manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania and district of Koslin, lies on the small Streitzig lake, 90 miles to the north-east of Stettin. Its industries are iron-founding, dyeing, brewing, and the manufacture of machinery and matches. The inhabitants also practise cattle-rearing and agriculture, and carry on a trade in grain, timber, and spirits. Neu-Stettin was founded in 1312, and contains (1880) 8604 inhabi tants, the bulk of whom are Lutherans and Irvingites. It is the seat of a gymnasium. NEU-STRELITZ, the capital of the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, is charmingly situated between two small lakes, 60 miles to the north of Berlin. It is well and regularly built in the form of a star, the eight rays of which converge on a spacious market-place, adorned with a statue of Duke George (d. 1860). The ducal residence is a handsome edifice in a pseudo-Classical style, with a library of 70,000 volumes, and collections of coins and antiquities. Attached to it are a fine garden and park. The other chief buildings are the three churches, the Carolinum (a large hospital), the town-house, the barracks, the gymnasium, and the real-school. In 1880 the town contained 9407 inhabitants, chiefly Protestants. They are supported partly by ministering to the wants of the court, and partly by the manufacture of iron wares, machinery, cloth, pottery, oil, and mineral waters. Its trade, chiefly in corn, meal, and timber, is facilitated by a canal connect ing the town with the Havel and the Elbe. About miles to the south lies Alt-Strelitz, the old capital of the duchy, a small town with (1880) 3336 inhabitants, employed in the manufacture of tobacco, leather, wax candles, and wadding. Neu-Strelitz was not founded till 1733. In the vicinity is the chateau of Hohen-Zieritz, where Queen Louise of Prussia died in 1810. NEUSTRIA. See FRANCE, vol. ix. p. 530. NEU-TITSCHEIN (Czech, Navy Jicin), a small but thriving town of Moravia, is picturesquely situated on an outlying spur of the Carpathians, on the Titsch, an affluent of the Oder, about 70 miles to the north-east of Briinn. It is the chief place in the Kuhlandchen, a fertile valley peopled by German settlers, who rear cattle and cultivate flax. At Neu-Titschein manufactures of woollen cloth, flannel, hats, carriages, and tobacco are carried on ; and it is also the centre of a brisk trade. The town was founded in 1311. It contains (1880) 10,274 inhabitants, almost entirely of German descent. NEUTRA (Hungarian, Nyitra], the chief town of a district and bishopric of the same name in Hungary, is situated on the river Neutra, 90 miles to the east of Vienna. It lies partly on the slope of a hill, which is strongly fortified, and crowned with the episcopal chateau and the ancient and modern cathedrals. The town also con tains three convents, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, and two hospitals, and carries on manufactures of vinegar, spirits, and liqueurs. Its grain-markets are important. Neutra has lagged far behind most Hungarian towns in the march of improvement, and a recent visitor describes its internal economy as on a par with that of Bokhara and other towns in Central Asia. The population in 1880 was 8650. Neutra is one of the oldest towns in Hungary, and is said to have been the seat of a bishop in the 4th century, when in possession of the Marcomanni. The present and historically authenticated line of bishops dates from 1130. NEUTRALITY. See INTERNATIONAL LAW, vol. xiii. p. 195, and SEA LAWS. NEUWIED, the chief town of a circle in the district of Coblentz, Rhenish Prussia, and the capital of the mediatized countship of Wied, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Rhine, 8 miles below Coblentz. The principal edifice in the well-built town is the handsome chateau of the princes of Wied, containing a collection of Roman antiquities, most of which were found in the neighbour hood. The inhabitants including Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Moravian Brethren, Baptists, and Jews are noted for their industry. The chief products are starch and sugar made from potatoes, tobacco and cigars, chicory, and enamelled-tin wares. A brisk trade is carried on both by rail and river. In the vicinity are several large iron- foundries. Population in 1880, 9656. The schools of Neuwied enjoy a high reputation, and attract numerous pupils from England. Neuwied was founded by Count Frederick of Wied in 1683, on the site of a village destroyed during the Thirty Years War, and rapidly increased owing to the toleration accorded to all religious sects without distinction. Among those who sought refuge here was a colony of MORAVIAX BRETHREN (q.v.), who now number 500 to 600 souls, and occupy a separate quarter of the town, where they carry on manufactures of porcelain stoves and deerskin gloves. Near Neuwied one of the largest Roman castles on the Rhine has been excavated, yielding numerous interesting antiquities. In 1797 the French, under General Hoche, defeated the Austrians near Neuwied, their first decisive success in the revolutionary wars. NEVA, a river of Russia which carries off into the Gulf of Finland the waters of Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Ilmen and many smaller basins. It issues from the south-west corner of Lake Ladoga in two channels which form the island of Oriekhoff, and are obstructed by sandstone reefs, so that the better of the two has a depth of only from 7 to 16 feet in its fairway. A little farther down it becomes completely navigable, and in the neighbourhood of the island of St Nicholas it attains a breadth of 4200 feet ; but between the village of Ostrovkoff and that of Ust- Tosnui (Tosna-mouth) it passes over a limestone bed which, lying only from 2 to 12 feet below the surface, produces a series of rapids, and reduces the width of the river to from 1050 to 840 and that of the navigable passage to from 350 to 175 feet. From Ust-Tosnui downwards there is no further obstacle. Nine or ten miles from its outfall the river enters St Petersburg, and then 5 or 6 miles lower down