Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/398

380 E N E W of 656,906 tons, the number that cleared 1305 of 925,926 tons. There is daily communication with Sydney by two lines of steamers. Besides the agricultural produce of the Hunter river district, the principal export is coal from the extensive mines in the neighbourhood of the town, which give employment to over 5000 men. The industries of the town include copper and iron founding, engineering, carriage building, shipbuilding, and brewing. The popu lation of the census district in 1881 was 15,595. The mouth of the Hunter river was discovered in 1797. The station, which for a long time was a convict depot, was formerly called Port Hunter. In 1821 it became a free settlement, and in 1859 it was erected into a municipality, since which time its progress has been very rapid. NEW CASTLE, a post-borough of the United States, the capital of Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, 2 miles above the junction of the Shenango and Mahoning (sub- tributaries of the Ohio), and 45 miles north-north-west of Pittsburg. It contains blast furnaces, rolling-mills, iron and brass foundries, tube-works, boiler-works, machine shops, planing-mills, nail factories, glass-works, grist-mills, and breweries. The population increased from 6164 in 1870 to 8418 in 1880, and was estimated at upwards of 13,000 in 1883. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME (or LYNE), a municipal and parliamentary borough of Staffordshire, England, is situated on a small stream, the Lyme brook, and near the Grand Trunk Canal, 16 miles north-north-west of Stafford, and 35 south from Manchester. The parish church of St Giles was, with the exception of the old square tower, which dates from the 12th century, rebuilt (1873-76) from the plains of Sir Gilbert Scott, in the Decorated style, at a cost of 15,000. The free grammar school, originally founded in 1602, possesses very large endowments, increased by the amalgamation of various subsequent bequests for educational purposes, and now consists of a high school for boys, a middle school for boys, and Orme s school for girls. The high school is a fine structure of red brick in the Elizabethan style, erected in 1874 at a cost of .12,000. There are also national and board schools and a school of art. The other principal buildings are the town-hall, recently rebuilt, the covered market (1854), and the militia barracks. The manufacture of hats was at one time the staple trade, but it has now greatly declined. There are silk, cotton, and paper mills; and tanning, brew ing, malting, and sugar-refining are also carried on. In the neighbourhood there are large collieries. The popula tion of the parliamentary borough was 15,948 in 1871, and in 1881 it was 17,493. The municipal borough, which was slightly increased in extent in 1877, had 17,506 inhabitants in 1881. The town, which was of some importance before the Conquest, derives the name Newcastle from the rebuilding of the castle in the reign of Henry I. The addition Lyme was due to the neigh bouring extensive forest of Lyme, which stretched into Cheshire. The town and manor reverted in 1231 to Henry III. In 1263 the town and castle were bestowed on Simon de Montfort, on whose death they were forfeited to the crown. The town received its first charter from Henry II., and this was extended by Henry III. and Elizabeth. It possessed the privilege of returning two mem bers to parliament some time before 1352. NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF. Within the space of a century there were no less than four successive creations of dukes of Newcastle. William Cavendish, nephew of the first earl of Devonshire, was raised to the dignity of duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1664. His son and successor Henry died leaving daughters only, and one of these married John Holies, earl of Clare, who was created duke in 1694. This duke died also without male issue in 1711, leaving his estates to his sister s son Thomas Pelham, who, with other dignities, had the title of duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne conferred on him in 1715, and a second and similar ducal title (that of Newcastle-under- Lyme) in 1757. His first dukedom became extinct at his death, but the second title was granted him with remainder to the earl of Lincoln, at once his nephew and nephew-in-law, whose descendants (Pelham-Clintons) have been dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyme in direct lineal succession down to the present time. Two of the dukes of Newcastle, and one duchess, call for separate notice : I. WILLIAM CAVENDISH, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE (1592- 1676), son of Sir Charles Cavendish, youngest brother of the first earl of Devonshire, by Catherine, daughter of Cuthbert Lord Ogle, was born in 1592. In his early years he showed little inclination for study, and while at St John s College, Cambridge, he took " more delight in sports than in learning." At an early ag3 he acquired marvellous proficiency in horsemanship and weapons, " which increased much his father s hopes of his future perfections." His personal beauty and manly accomplishments gained him special favour at the court of James I., who, when his son Henry in 1610 was created prince of Wales, made Cavendish a knight of the Bath. Ten years afterwards he became Viscount Mansfield and in 1628 earl of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 1638 he was appointed by Charles I. governor of Charles, prince of Wales. When the king in 1639 visited Scotland, he was entertained with great splendour by the earl of Newcastle at Welbeck. On the outbreak of the civil war the earl was appointed governor of the town of Newcastle and the four neighbouring counties, and a short time afterwards he was named general of the forces north of the Trent. In this position his energy and circumspection proved invalu able to the royal cause. For his victory over Fairfax at Adderton Heath, near Bradford, June 30, 1643, he was created marquis. The Parliamentary generals were step by step losing their hold on the north, and were reduced to the hardest straits, w r hen they were relieved by a Scottish army under the earl of Leven. Newcastle had to fall back on York, where he was closely besieged when Prince Rupert hurried to his assistance. Contrary to his advice Prince Rupert risked the battle of Marston Moor, which resulted in the utter rout of the royal forces and the ruin of the king s cause in the north of England. Newcastle, with about eighty gentlemen, retired to the Continent. He returned with Charles II. at the Restoration, when he was appointed chief justice of the counties north of the Trent, and in 1664 he was created duke. From this time, however, he ceased to take an active part in political life, occupying himself chiefly with literary pursuits and the retrievement of his broken fortunes. He died December 25, 1676, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Dryden s Even Song is dedicated to Newcastle in very eulogistic terms. The duke, besides publishing A Neiv Method and Extra ordinary Invention to Dress Horses, 1667, which had previously appeared in 1657 in French, was the author of several comedies r including The Exile (doubtful); The Country Captain, 1649; Variety, 1649; The Humorous Lovers, 1677. Ke also translated Moliere s L Etourdi under the title Sir Martin Mar-All. His wife s Life of him is noticed below. II. MARGARET LUCAS, DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE (c. 1625-1673), second wife of the duke of Newcastle noticed above, was born about 1625, the youngest daughter of Thomas Lucas of St John s, near Colchester, Essex. She joined the court at Oxford in 1643 as maid of honour to Henrietta Maria, and met there the marquis (afterwards duke) of Newcastle, whom she married at Paris in 1645, after the battle of Marston Moor. Throughout life they continued to cherish a mutual admiration of a very exaggerated character, each regarding the other as en dowed with transcendent merits both of person and mind. The duchess cultivated literary composition with exuberant fervour, and kept a bevy of maids of honour obliged to