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480 N I C N I C Bibliography. Afemoria del Ministro dj la Gobernacion al Soberano Congreso de la Republica de Nicaragua, Managua, 1SS3; Jose Maria Csiceres, Gcografia cle Centra-America, Paris, 1880; H. W. Bates, Central and South America, with ethnological appendix by A. H. Keane (Stanford series), London, 1878 ; Fr. Boyle, Wanderings through Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, London, 1SG8; J. W. Bodham Whetham, Across Centra/ America, London, 1877; Dr J. E. Wappiius, Mittel- u. Stid-America, Leipsic, 1870; E. G. Squier, Notes on Central America (London, 185C), jind Nicaragua, its Peop e, Scenery, Monuments, and the Proposed Inter-oceanic Canal (London, 1852); Th. Belt, Tlie Naturalist in Nicaragua, London, 1S73; Karl von Scherzer, Wanderungen durch Nicaragua, Honduras, vnd San Salvador, Brunswick, 1857; A. von Billow, Der Freistaat Nicaragua, Berlin, 1849; J. Keller, Le Canal de Nicaragua, Paris, 1859 ; Consul Gollan s " Heport on the Trade and Commerce of Nicaragua," in Reports from II.M. s Consuls, part v.. 1877 ; Memoria historica sobre el Canal de Nicaragua, Guatemala, 1845 ; S. Levy, Notas geograficas y economicas sobre la Republica de Nicaragua, Paris, 1873; W. Grimm, Die Staaten Centrat-Amerikas, Berlin, 1871 ; W. Walker, The War in Nicaragua, Mobile, I860; II. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific Stales, <kc. t Central America, vol. i., San Francisco, 1882; Thomas Gage, Journey from Mexico through Guaxaca, <(r.. with his return through Nicaragua, d-c., London, 1655 ; A. von Humboldt, " Zustnnd des Freistaats von Central-Amerika," in lierghaus s IRrtha, 1826, vi.; J. Baily, Central America, London, 1850; R. G. Dunlop, Travels in Central America, London, 1847 ; J. L. Stephens, Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, London, 1842 ; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations Civi/isees du Mexique et de I Ame rique Centrale, Paris, 1857-59; W. Childs, Report on an Jnteroceanic Ship Canal, &c., New York, 1852 ; Th. Strange- ways, Sketch of the Mosquito Shore, Ac., Edinburgh, 1822; S. A. Bard, Waikna, Adventures on the Mosquito Shore, London, 1855 ; Correspondence respecting the Mosquito Territory, presented to the House of Commons, July 3, 1848 ; " Das Mosquito-Gebiet," &c., in Petermann s Mittheilungen, 1856 ; A. J. Cotheel, "Language of the Mosquito Indians," in Transactions of the American Ethno logical Society, 1848, vol. ii. (A. H. K.) NICASTRO, an episcopal city of Italy in the province of Catanzaro, 16 miles west of Catanzaro and about 6 miles from the Gulf of Sta Eufemia. There are two large suburbs, Zangaroma, founded by an Albanian settlement in the 15th century, and Bella, dating from 1782, and the communal population is 14,067 (1881). In the castle of Ferrolito, whose ruins still look down on the city, Frederick II. imprisoned his rebellious son Henry. Nicastro suffered greatly from the earthquake of 1638, which also destroyed the famous Benedictine abbey of Sta Eufemia, about 3 miles to the west. NICCOLO PISANO. See PISANO. NICE, a city of France, the chief town of the de partment of Alpes Maritimes, and previous to 1860 the capital of the countship of Nice (Nizza) in the kingdom of Sardinia, is situated in 43 42 N. lat. and 7 16 E, long., 739 miles by rail from Paris, and occupies a fine position at the mouth of the Paillon (Paglione), a stream (often dried up in summer) which, after a course of 20 miles, enters the northern end of the Baie des Anges. A steep isolated limestone hill, 315 feet in height, running back for some distance from the shore, forms the historical nucleus of the town. Formerly crowned by a castle, which previous to its destruction by the duke of Berwick in 1706 was one of the strongest fortresses on the coast, it is now laid out as a public pleasure-ground, and ^VJS^C^^-J yim ?dO?%>/^>/:;;< k r I ^"> *V *ft ^TMX A^&K 7^^^^j^^^mwii^^- 1 Plan of Nice. planted with aloe, cactus, agave, and palm. Towards its south-west corner stands a tower (Tour Bellanda or Cle"rissy) dating, it is believed, from the 5th century. The old town stretches along the western base of the hill ; the "town of the 18th century" occupies the ground farther west, which slopes gently towards the Paillon ; and away to the north-east and north and Avest beyond the stream lie the ever-growing quarters of the modern city. To the east of the hill, and thus out of sight of the more fashion able districts, the commercial quarter surrounds the port. The whole frontage of Nice is composed of fine embank ments : the Quai des Ponchettes, constructed in 1770 round the base of the castle hill, is continued westward by the Quai du Midi as far as the Pont des Anges, which crosses the mouth of the Paillon ; and from the public gardens and the municipal casino on the other side of the stream the Promenade des Anglais, a boulevard 85 feet wide, extends for more than a mile to the mouth of the Magnan, and is likely to be prolonged to the Var. A pier projecting into the sea from the promenade contains a " crystal palace " and a sea-bathing establishment. The course of the Paillon also is embanked on both sides, and at one part the Place Mass6na, one of the largest public squares in the city, and the principal resort of foreign visitors, has been laid out across the stream. Besides a Roman Catholic cathedral Ste Reparate. dating from