Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/603

N O R N R 555 which they appeared, more than eighty years before Smith s great work, that they deserve to be quoted in full. "That the whole world as to trade is but as one nation or people, and therein nations are as persons. That the loss of a trade with one nation is not that only, separately considered, but so much of the trade of the world rescinded and lost, for all is combined together. That there can be no trade unprofitable to the public, for, if any prove so, men leave it otf ; and wherever the traders thrive, the public, of which they are a part, thrive also. That to force men to deal in any prescribed manner may profit such as happen to serve them ; but the public gains not, because it is taking from one sub ject to give to another. That no laws can set prices in trade, the rates of which must and will make themselves ; but, when such laws do happen to lay any hold, it is so much impediment to trade, and therefore prejudicial. That money is a merchandise, whereof there may be a glut as well as a scarcity, and that even to an inconvenience. That a people cannot want money to serve the ordinary dealing, and more than enough they will not have. That no man shall be the richer for the making much money, nor have any part of it, but as he buys it for an equivalent price. That the free coinage is a perpetual motion found out whereby to melt and coin without ceasing, and so to feed goldsmiths and coiners at the public charge. That debasing the coin is defrauding one another, and to the public there is no sort of advantage from it, for that admits no character, or value, but intrinsic. That the sinking money by alloy or weight is all one. That exchange and ready money are the same, nothing but carriage and re-carriage being saved. That money exported in trade is an increase to_the wealth of the nation, but spent in war and payments abroad is so much impoverishment. In short, that all favour to one trade or interest against another is an abuse, and cuts so much of profit from the public." The tract closes with these weighty words : "No people ever yet grew rich by policies ; but it is peace, industry, and free dom that bring trade and wealth, and nothing else." NORTH, ROGER (1650-1733), in writing his Examen of Rennet s History of England, and the " Lives " of his brothers, Lord Keeper Guilford, Sir Dudley North, and John, master of Trinity College, Cambridge, became one of the original authorities for the political and social his tory of the reigns of Charles II. and James II. He was a weak man, a humble worshipper of his elder brothers, and especially of the lord keeper, by whose politic energy the family of North had been raised from a very decayed condition ; but the simplicity of his prejudices and the laborious minuteness of his details, notwithstanding the forensic pedantry of his style, give his writings some value. AVhatever his great brother did he thought both right and noteworthy ; hence he is a useful contributor to the moral history of the period. NORTH, SIR THOMAS, son of Edward North, first Baron North of Kirtling, is memorable as the author of the English version of Plutarch s Lives that supplied Shake speare with materials for his classical plays. Materials for a biographical notice are extremely scanty ; and neither the exact date of his birth nor that of his death is known. His literary career was long, for he was living in decayed old age in 1603 when a third edition of his Plutarch was published, with a supplement of other translated biogra phies. His first appearance in literature was in 1557, when Wayland published for him a translation of Guevara s Diall of Princes, a compendium of moral counsels pleasantly interwoven with incidents in the life of Marcus Aurelius. The English of this work is one of the earliest specimens of the more ornate, copious, and pointed style for which educated young Englishmen had acquired a taste in their Continental travels and studies, and which such fashion able tutors as Ascham and Wilson inculcated by both pre cept and example. North translated from a French copy of Guevara. The first edition of his Plutarch, translated from the French of Amyot, appeared in 1579. NORTH ADAMS, a township, manufacturing village, and important railway junction of the United States in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the Hoosac river, 143 miles from Boston by the Troy and Boston Railroad. Cotton and wool-weaving and shoemaking are the leading industries. The population of the township, formerly included in Adams township, was 10,191 in 1880. About a mile to the east of the village the Hudson s Brook is arched over for a considerable distance by a romantic cave from 30 to 60 feet in height. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who spent the summer of 1838 at North Adams, gives a fine description of the spot. NORTHALLERTON, a market town and parliamentary borough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on a small stream, the Sun Beck, a tributary of the Wiske, and on the North-Eastern Railway, about 40 miles north of Leeds and 17 north of Ripon. It consists principally of a long and wide street running north and south. The church of All Saints is a large cruciform structure in the Early English and Perpendicular styles, with a square tower 80 feet in height rising from the centre. There is a grammar school of royal foundation. Among the chari ties are a hospital founded in 1476 by Richard Moore and a cottage hospital opened in 1877. A town-hall was erected in 1874. There are no traces of the fortified palace of the bishops of Durham, of the White Friars monastery founded in 1354, or of the Austin priory founded in 1341. The town possesses a manufactory of brattice cloth. The population of the parliamentary borough in 1871 (10,381 acres) was 4961, and in 1881 it was 5445. The popula tion of the urban sanitary district (3650 acres) in the same years was 3164 and 3692 respectively. Northallerton is supposed to have been a Roman station and subsequently a Saxon burgh. In Domesday it is called Alverhme and Alreton. The prefix " North " was added to distinguish it from Allerton Mauleverer. Near it took place (22d August 1138) the Battle of the Standard, when the Scots under King David were defeated by the English with a loss of 12,000 men. The town was given by William Rufus to the bishops of Durham. The demoli tion of their palace was ordered by Henry II. In 1318 the Scots under Robert Bruce plundered the town. It was occupied by Charles I. during the Civil War, and in 1745 the English army encamped on Castlehill above it. NORTHAMPTON, an inland county of England, is Pkte bounded N. by Lincoln, N.W. by Rutland and Leicester, XVIL W. by Warwick, S.W. and S. by Oxford, S.E. by Bucking ham, and E. by Bedford, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. It has an area of 629,912 acres, or about 982 square miles. Its greatest length from north-east to south-west is about 70 miles ; in breadth it varies from 7 to 26 miles. The surface is hilly and undulating, but the hills are for the most part small and rounded and the undulations monotonous, notwithstanding that the country is richly cultivated and in some parts finely wooded. The highest summits are Albury (804 feet) and Naseby (697 feet). In the western and south-western districts the scenery be comes almost picturesque, and in the centre and east, where greater monotony prevails, numerous fine trees add a pleas ing aspect of richness. For a long period Northampton has been famed for its ash trees, and there are also some very old oaks, as well as a few fine avenues of elm. The north-eastern extremity belongs to the great fen district. The county forms the principal watershed of central Eng land, nearly all the more important rivers of this region having their sources within its boundaries. The Avon with a westward course forms for some distance the northern boundary of the county, till near Lilbourne it passes in to Warwickshire. The Nene passes southward through Northampton, whence it takes an easterly course, skirting the eastern boundary of the county. The Welland flows in an easterly direction, forming the boundary of the county with Leicester, Rutland, and Lincoln. The Cherwell, after passing into Oxfordshire, forms for a considerable distance the southernmost portion of the western boundary with that county ; the Learn forms a portion of the boundary with Warwickshire. The Ouse, which rises near Brackley, soon afterwards leaves the county, but again touches it near Stony Stratford, separating it for some distance