Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/773

OBSERVATORY 715 Oh 42m 533-6 E. Erected in 1831 ; meridian circle by Ertel of 4 -inches aperture, now used to observe stars between + 65 and + 70 decl. ; a 4.]-inch equatorial by Repsold, and a 7-inch re fractor by Merz ; magnetical instruments (which were extensively used by the first director, Hansteen). Copenhagen, university observatory, lat. 55 40 53" 0, long. Oh 50 m 19 S 8 E. Founded in 1641 on the top of a high tower ; the locality was so very unsuitable that Homer (the inventor of the transit instrument and modern equatorial, died 1710) established his own observatory at Vridlosemagle, at some distance from the city. The observatory on the tower was burned in 1728, restored in 1741 and 1780. A new observatory was erected in 1861, lat. + 55 41 13" 6, long. O h 50 m 19 S> 2 E. It is furnished with an equa torial refractor by Merz of 11- inches aperture, with which D Arrest made observations of 1900 nebulae ; a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 4|-inches aperture, with which Schjellerup observed 10,000 stars between +15 and -15 decl. ; and a meridian transit instrument of 6^-inches aperture, intended for zone observations of very faint stars. HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. Leydcn, university observatory, lat. + 52 9 20" 3, long. O h 17 m 56 s 2 E. Founded already in 1632, but the instruments were always very small, and hardly any observations were taken until Kaiser became director in 1837. A 6-inch refractor by Merz was now provided, and in 1858-60 a new observatory was erected, and furnished with a 7 -inch refractor by Merz and a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6 3-inches aperture. These instruments have since been in constant use, the refractor for measures with a double- image micrometer, the meridian circle principally for observations of stars between + 30 and + 35 decl. , and of southern standard stars. There is a large collection of minor instruments and appa ratuses for special researches. Annalcn der Stermvarte in Leydcn appear in 4to volumes. Utrecht, university observatory, lat. + 52 5 10" 5, long. O h 20 m 31 S< 7 E. Seems to have existed already during the 18th century ; a new building was erected in 1855, but there are only small instruments, except a 10-inch object-glass by Steinheil on Gauss s plan, which seems to be a failure. Brussels, royal observatory, lat. + 50 51 10" - 7, long. O h l7 m 28 s 6E. Erected in 1829-34. A transit instrument by Gainbey and a mural circle by Troughton have been used for observations of stars having proper motion, but the institution was while under the direction of Quetelet chiefly devoted to physics and meteorology. In 1877 a 6-inch refractor by Merz was mounted, and a meridian circle by Repsold and a 15 -inch refractor by Cooke have been mounted in a temporary manner, pending the erection of a new observatory at some distance from the city. The Annalcs de T Observatoirc de Bruxclles (28 vols. 4to) contain, besides the obser vations, many investigations on special subjects. UNITED STATES. Albany (New York), Dudley Observatory, lat. + 42 39 49" 5, long. 4 h 54 m 59 s- 2 W. Erected in 1851-56 by subscription ; equa torial refractor by Fitz of 13 -inches aperture, meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 8-inches aperture, now used for observing stars between + 1 and + 5 decl., transit instrument of 6 4-inches aper ture by the same makers. Allegheny (Pennsylvania), lat. + 40 27 41" 6, long. 5 h 20 m 2 S 9 W. Founded in 1860 in connexion with the university; 13 -inch equatorial refractor by Fitz (improved by Clark), mounted in 1867 ; several spectroscopes and other instruments for researches on solar energy. Amherst (MassachusettsVflat. + 42 22 15" "6, long. 4 h 50 7 S 3 W. Founded in 1857 as an annex to the college; 7i-inch refractor by Clark. Annapolis (Maryland), lat. + 38 58 53" 5, long. 5 h 5 m 56 S 5 W. U.S. Naval Academy observatory, used for instruction only; 4-inch meridian circle by Repsold, 7|-inch refractor by Clark, and smaller instruments. Ann Arbor (Michigan), lat. + 42 16 48" "0, long. 5 h 34 m 55 s 2 W. Belongs to the university of Michigan ; erected in 1854 ; meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6J-inches aperture, 12|-inch equa torial refractor by Fitz. The observatory is known by the works of the successive directors, Briinnow and Watson ; the latter dis covered twenty -one minor planets here. Cambridge (Massachusetts), Harvard College observatory, lat. + 42 22 48" 3, long. 4& 44 m 31 S W. Erected in 1839. Equa torial refractor of 15 -inches aperture by Merz, with which W. C. Bond discovered a satellite of Saturn (Hyperion) in 1848, and which was afterwards used by G. P. Bond to observe the nebula of Orion, it is now employed by Pickering for extensive photometric observa tions of fixed stars and satellites ; a meridian circle by Troughton and Simms with 8J-inches aperture, mounted in 1870, used for^obser- vations of standard stars and stars between + 50 and + 55 decl. The Annals of the observatory (13 vols. 4to) form one of the most important collections of astronomical researches. Since 1877 the means of the institution have been increased by public subscription, and a large staff of assistants has since been actively employed on photometric and meridian work. Chicago (Illinois), Dearborn Observatory, lat. + 4150 1" Ion" 5 h 50 26 s 8 W. Attached to the university ; founded by sub scription in 1862. The principal instrument is an ISi-inch equa torial refractor by Clark (mounted in 1864, but not used till 1877), with which Burnham has continued his observations and discoveries of double stars, commenced with a 6-inch refractor. There is also a 6-inch meridian circle by Repsold. Cincinnati (Ohio), lat. + 39 6 26" 5, long. 5 h 37 m 58 s 9 W. In 1842 an observatory was founded by subscription, and furnished with an equatorial refractor of 11^ -inches aperture by Merz. In 1873 the observatory was removed to a distance from the city, to Mount Lookout, lat. + 39 8 35" 5, long. 5 h 37 m 41 S 4 W. The refractor has been almost exclusively devoted to observations of double stars (Publications oftJie Cincinnati Observatory, 5 parts, 8vo). Clinton (New York), Litchfield Observatory of Hamilton College lat. + 43 3 17" 0, long. 5 h l m 37 s 4 W. Erected by subscription, 1852-55 ; equatorial refractor of 13J inches by Spencer, employed by C. H. F. Peters for construction of celestial charts (Nos. 1- 20 published in 1882), in the course of which work he has discovered forty-one minor planets. Georgetown (District of Columbia), college observatory, lat. + 38 54 26" 2, long. 5 h 8 m 18 S 3 W. Erected in 1844 ; 6-inch re fractor and small meridian circle, both by Simms. Glasgow (Missouri), Morrison Observatory, lat. + 39 16 16" 8, long. 6 h 11 18 S W. Founded in 1876 ; attached to the univer sity ; 12^-inch equatorial refractor by Clark, used for observations of comets, planets, and double stars ; meridian circle by Simms of 6 - inches aperture. Hanover (New Hampshire), Dartmouth College observatory, lat. + 43 42 15", long. 4 h 49 m 8 S W. Founded in 1853 ; 9|-inch equatorial by Clark, used by C. A. Young (up to 1878) for spectro- scopic observations of the sun ; meridian circle by Simms of 4 - inches aperture. Hastings (New York), Prof. Henry Draper s observatory, lat. + 40 59 25", long. 4 h 55 29 S 7 W. Built in 1860 ; 28 -inch re flector by the owner, 11 -inch refractor (with photographic lens) by Clark, both used up to the owner s death (1882) for celestial and spectrum photography. The first photograph of the nebula of Orion was taken here in 1880. Madison (Wisconsin), Washburn Observatory, lat. + 43 4 36" 7, long. 5 h 57 m 37 s 9 W. Erected at the expense of Governor Wash- burn in 1878 ; belongs to the university. Meridian circle by Eepsold of 4 8-inches aperture, 15.^-inch equatorial refractor by Clark, used for observations of nebula; and double stars. Publications in 8vo volumes. Mount Hamilton (California), Lick Observatory of the university of California, lat. + 37 21 3", long. 8 h 6 26 S 7 W., about 4250 feet above sea-level. Is being erected in pursuance of the will of the late James Lick, and is to contain a 36-inch refractor by Clark. The suitability of the site was tested in 1879 by Burnham, who observed for some weeks with his 6-inch refractor. A 12-inch re fractor and a 5-inch photoheliograph were used for observing the transit of Venus in 1882. New Haven (Connecticut), Winchester Observatory of Yale College, lat. + 41 18 36" 5, long. 4 h 51 m 42 S 2 W. An observatory had existed since 1830, possessing among other instruments a 9-inch refractor by Clark and a meridian circle by Ertel. In 1880 a bureau for verifying chronometers and thermometers was estab lished, and in 1881 the observatory was rebuilt, and furnished with a 6 -inch heliometer by Repsold, and an 8-inch equatorial refractor by Grubb. New York, L. M. Rutherfurd s observatory, lat. + 40 43 48" 5, long. 4 h 55 m 56 s 6 W. 13-inch refractor by Rutherfurd and Fitz, used for celestial photography. Northficld (Minnesota), Carleton College observatory, lat. + 44 27" 40" 8, long. 6 h 12 m 35 S 9 W. Erected in 1878 ; 8^-inch refractor by Clark. Princeton (New Jersey). Attached to the college are two observatories, the " J. C. Green School of Science observatory," lat. + 40 20 57" 8, long. 4 h 58 m 37 S> 6 W., erected in 1877, and furnished with a 9i-inch refractor by Clark ; and the Halsted ob servatory, in which a 23 -inch refractor by Clark was mounted in Rochester (New York), Warner Observatory, lat. + 43 8 15", long. 5 h 11 20 s W. Erected by H. H. Warner in 18/9-80; has a 16-fnch refractor by Clark. Washington (D.C.), U.S. naval observatory, lat. + 38 53 38 8, Ion". 5 h 8 12 s l W. Observations were commenced in a temporary observatory in 1838 ; the naval observatory was organized in 1842 ; observations commenced in 1845. For some years a large amount of zone observations were taken with three meridian instruments, but as Maury, who held the office of superintendent from 1844 to 1861, devoted himself exclusively to meteorology, the astronomical work was considered of less importance. Since 1861 the observa-