O I S O K E 749 on Essential Oils (Jour. Cliem. Soc., new ser., vol. ii., 1864). Such if the oils as are of sufficient importance are separately noticed in their proper places. Xame of Oil. Source. Sp.gr. Rotation for a column 10 inches long. Principal Appli cation. Fimpinella anisatum Atherosperma mos- chata iMurus nobills , . . . 0-9852 1-0-125 8808 8825 9005 9203 9388 8845 8956 1-0297 9622 8584 8908 1-0475 878 8775 9414 g 922 8584 8812 - 1 + 7 - 6 + 23 + 38 "o + 43 -5 + 63 + 26
+ 3 + 156 4 - 4 + 21? + 206 + 14 5 -136 - 4 - 20 + 164 - 3? + 26 -116 - 130 + 21 + 15 + 44 + 32? + 216 - 9 - 72 + 26 + 17 - 16 - 50 - 79 - 6 + 3 Med., flavouring. Medicine. Med. Med., perf., flav. Med., flav. Med. Med. Med., flav. Med., flav. Med., perf., flav. Perf. Perf. Med. Perf. Med., perf., flav., arts. Med. Med., flav. Med. Med., flav. Med., flav. Med. Med., flav., arts. Med., flav. Med. Med., flav. Med., perf. Med. Med., arts. Med., perf., flav. Med., flav. Med., flav. Med. Med., ttav. Med. Med. Med. Med., perf., flav. Med., flav. Med., perf., flav. Flav. Perf. Med. Med., perf., flav. Perf. Med., flav. Med., perf., flav. Med., perf. Perf. Med. Med., flav. Med., perf. Med., perf., flav. Med. Mod., perf., flav. Med., arts. Med., flav. Mod., perf. Med., arts. Med. Perf. Perf. Med. Med., flav. Australian sas safras Bay Citrus Bergamia .... Birch-bark .... Bitter almonds Buchu leaves . . Amygdalus commu- nis, var. amara Barosma species .... Melaleuca Cajuputi Acorus Calamus .... ( arum Carui Amomum species Croton Eluteria .... Cinnamomum Cassia Juniperus virgiui- ana Caraway Cardamoms .... Cedrat Cliamomile .... Matrimria Chamo- milla Andropogon Nardus Caryophyllus aroma- ticus Copaifera officlnalis Coria ndrumsativum Piper Cubeba Cuminum Cyminum Anethum graveolens Sambucus nigra . . . Copaiba Cubebs Cumin Dill Elder Claviceps purpurea Eucalyptus species . . Eoeniculum vulgare Alliuin xatiiium .. Eucalyptus .... Garlic Ginger Zingiber officinale . . Indian geranium Andropogon Schosn- anttiits Jasmine Jasminum species . . Juniper Juniperuscommunis Lavender Lavandula vera .... Lemon Citrus Limonum .... 9043 8903 8498 8932 Lemon-grass .. Andropogon citratus Limes Citrus TAmf.Ua Origanum Majorana Melaleuca ericifolia Hfentha viridis .... Brassica nigra Balsamodendro n Myrrha Myrtus communis . . Citrus vulgaris .... Myristica moschata Citrus vulgaris .... Apium Petroselinum Pogostemon Patchouli Mentha Pulegium . . Mentlia Piperita .... Citrus vulgaris .... Eugenia Pimenta . . Rosa damascena .... 9030 9342 1-0189 8911 8789 8826 8509 8864 9926 9554 9028 8765 1-037 8912 9080 9064 9750 1-090 914 8843 8727 88 l2 1-007 1-1423 9122 Melaleuca .... Mint Mustard Myrrh Myrtle Xeroli Orange-peel. . . . Orange-peel (Florence) Patchouli .... Pennyroyal .... Peppermint.. . . Petitgrain Pimento Rose Rosemary Rosewood .... Rue .... llosmarinus officin- alis Convolvulus scopa- rius Ruta graveolens Salvia officinalis .... Santaluni album Sassafras officinalis Ju nipe rus Sabina Mentha viridis .... iMvandula Spica . . Illicium anisutum . . Thymus vulgaris. . . . Pinus species Valeriana officinalis Aloysia citriodora . . Andropogon muri- catus Gaultheria procum- l>e us Artemisia Absinth ium Sandahvood . . Spearmint .... Spike Star anise Thyme Turpentine .... Valerian Vetivert Wintergreen . . Wormwood .... Apart from the oil of turpentine, commerce in essential oils is limited as regards bulk, although the value of the various articles is considerable. The cultivation of plants for their odoriferous principles and the extraction of essential oils are characteristic industries of Grasse, Nice, and Cannes, in the south of France. About Mitcham in Surrey, and in Herefordshire and Bedfordshire, several plants, principally lavender and other labiates, are largely cultivated as sources of essential oils ; but the localities whence the greater bulk of oils are drawn are widespread and as numerous as are the materials themselves. (J. PA.) OISE, a department of northern France, three-fourths of which belonged to Ile^e-France, and the rest to Picardy, is situated between 49 4 and 49 46 N. lat. and 1* 40 and 3 10 E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Somme, on the E. by Aisne, on the S. by Seine-et-Marne and Seine- et-Oise, and on the W. by Eure and Seine-Inferieure. Its greatest length is 75 miles from north-west to south east, whilst its breadth from north to south varies from 30 to 44 miles. The department is a moderately elevated plateau with pleasant valleys and fine forests, such as those of Compiegne, Ermenonville, Chantilly, and Hallatte, all in the south. It belongs almost entirely to the basin of the Seine, the Somme and the Bresle, which flow into the English Channel, draining but a small area. The most important river is the Oise, which flows through a broad and fertile valley from north-east to south-west, past the towns of Noyon, Compiegne, Pont St Maxence, and Creil. On its right it receives the Breche and the Therain, and on its left the Aisne, which brings down a larger volume of water . than the Oise itself, the Authonne, remarkable for the clearness and copiousness of the springs from which it rises, and the Nonette, which irrigates the valley of Senlis and Chantilly. The Ourcq, a tributary of the Marne, in the south-east, and the Epte, a tributary of the Seine, in the west, also in part belong to the department. These streams are separated by ranges of slight elevation or by isolated hills, the highest point (770 feet) being in the ridge of Bray, which stretches from Dieppe to Precy-sur- Oise. The lowest point is at the mouth of the Oise, only 66 feet above sea-level. Although the rainfall is under the average of France, several of the valleys are, owing to their nearness to the sea and the large extent of forests, moist and marshy. The climate is very variable, but the range of temperature is moderate. The population was 404,555 in 1881. The area of Oise is 2260 square miles, of which four -fifths are arable, one -sixth woods, and one -twentieth pasture -lands. There are 54,000 horses, 5000 asses or mules, 111,000 head of cattle, 517,000 sheep (yielding in 1878 3,700,000 lb of wool), 44,000 pigs, 7000 goats, and 29,000 beehives. In 1882 the produce amounted to 911,335 quarters of wheat, 123,460 of rye, 1,031,700 of oats, with large quantities of beetroot, potatoes, and fodder, besides barley, meslin, buckwheat, colza, hemp, flax, &c. Vegetables, fruits, and milk are supplied to Paris ; and wine and cider (6,646,919 gallons in 1882) are made, the latter being the drink principally consumed in the department. Industrial pursuits engage more than 160,000 of the population. A number are employed in quarrying building stone, in digging potter s clay and sand for glass-making, ami in cutting turf. There are 697 steam and several hydraulic mills. The forges of Montataire near Creil employ 2000 workmen ; but agricultural implements, metal utensils, optical glasses, paper, pasteboard, and various kinds of toys and small wares in bone, horn, mother-of-pearl, and ivory are made in the small workshops which are common everywhere. Chantilly employs 2000 women in making the lace for which it is famous. Beanvais, the chief town, besides its clock-making industry, has a national carprt factory, which rivals that of Gobelins at Paris. There are in the department forty-five woollen-mills with 54,000 spindles, and nine cotton -mills with 28,000; and the making of canvas, woollen fabrics, blankets, hosiery, boots and shoes, revolvers, &c., is also carried on, as well as boatbuilding. Sugar is extensively made, from beetroot, and the manufactures of pottery, porcelain, and glass are also considerable. Commerce is greatly facilitated by the Oise and the Aisne, and by the lateral canal of the former. There are more than 400 miles of railway ; and the roads are numerous and good. Oise contains four arrondissements Beauvais, Clermont, Compiegne, Senlis 37 cantons, and 701 communes. It constitutes the diocese of Beauvais. The principal towns are Beauvais (popu lation 17,516), Compiegne (13,567), Senlis (6870), Clermont (562S), Xoyon (5780), Creil (7099), an important _ rail way centre, with earthenware manufactures, and Montataire (5385). OKEN, LORENZ (1779-1851). Under this name the great naturalist of the transcendental or deductive school is commonly known ; but his real name was Loreiu Ockenfuss, under which he was baptized at Bohlsbach, Baden, being born in that small Swabian village on the 1st of August 1779. As Ockenfuss he was entered _at the natural history and medical classes in the university of Wiirzburg, whence he proceeded to that of Gottingen,
