Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 17.djvu/909

O R I R I 843 did not cease for centuries, and only subsided during the time of the fierce Arian controversy. It was not so much the relation between pistis and gnosis faith and know ledge as defined by Origen that gave offence, but rather isolated propositions, such as his doctrines of the pre- existence of souls, of the soul and body of Christ, of the resurrection of the flesh, of the final restoration, and of the plurality of worlds. Even in the 3d century Origen s view of the Trinity and of the Person of Christ was called in question, and that from various points of view. It was not till the 5th century, however, that objections of this kind became frequent, In the 4th century Pamphilus, Eusebius of Cresarea, Athanasius, the Cappadocians, Didy- mus, and Rufinus were on the side of Origen against the attacks of Methodius and many others. But, when the zeal of Epiphanius was kindled against him, when Jerome, alarmed about his own reputation, and in defiance of his past attitude, turned against his once honoured teacher, and Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, found it prudent, for political reasons, and out of consideration for the un educated monks, to condemn Origen, then his authority received a shock from which it never recovered. There were, doubtless, in the 5th century church historians and theologians who still spoke of him with reverence, but such men became fewer and fewer. In the West Vincent of Lerins held up Origen as a warning example (Commonit., 23), showing how even the most learned and most eminent of church teachers might become a misleading light. In the East the exegetical school of Antioch had an aversion to Origen ; the Alexandrians had utterly repudiated him. Nevertheless his writings were much read, especially in Palestine. The monophysite monks appealed to his authority, but could not prevent Justinian and the fifth (jecumenical council at Constantinople (553) from anathe matizing the teaching of Origen. It is true that many scholars (e.g., Hefele, Conciliengesch., ii. p. 858 sq.) deny that Origen was condemned by this council ; but Moller rightly holds that the condemnation is proved (Recdency- lilop. f. protest. Theol. u, Kirche, vol. xi. p, 113), Sources and Literature. Next to the works of Origen (see Rede- penning, " Des Hieronymus wiederaufgefundenes Verzeichniss der Schriften des Origens," in Zcit.f. d. hist, Thcol., 1851, p 66 sq.} the most important sources are : Gregory Thaumat., Pancgyricus in Orig. ; Eusebius, //. E ., vi. ; Epiphanius, Hfer., 64 ; the works of Methodius, the Cappadocians, Jerome (see De vir. ill., 54, 61), and Rufinus; Vincent. Levin,, Commonit., 23 ; Palladius, Hist. Laits., 147 ; Justinian, Ep. ad Mcnnam (Mansi, ix. p. 487 sq.}; Photius, Biblioth., 118, &c. There is no complete critical edition of Origen s works. The best edition is that of Car. and C. Vine. Delarue, 4 vols. fol. , Paris, 1733-59, reprinted by Lommatzsch, 25 vols. 8vo, Berlin, 1831-48, and by Migne, Patrol, curs, compl., ser. Gr., vols. xi. -xvii. Several new pieces have been edited by Gallandi and A. Mai. Amongst the older works on Origen those of Huetius (printed in Delarue, vol. iv ) are the best ; but Tillemont, Fabricius, Walch (Historic d. Ketzereicn, vii. pp 362-760), and Schrockh also deserve to be mentioned. In recent times the doctrine of Origen has been expounded in the great works on church history by Baur, Dorner, Bohringer, Neander, Moller (Geschichte dcr Kosmologie in der griechischen Kirchc), and Kalmis (Die Lchre vom h. Gcist, vol. i.) ; compare with these the works on the history of philosophy by Ritter, Erdmann, Ueberweg, and Zeller. Of monographs, the best and most complete is Redepenning, Origencs, cine Darstcllung seines Lebcns und seiner Lchre, 2 vols., 1841, 1846. Compare Thomasius, Orig., 1837 ; Kriiger, " Ueber das Verhaltniss des Orig. zu Ammonius Sakkas," in the Ztschr. f. hist Theol. , 1843, i. p, 46 sq. ; Fischer, Comment, de Orig. thcologia et cosmologia, 1846 ; Ramers, Orig. Lehre von dcr Aufcrstchung des Fleischcs, 1851 ; Knittel, "Orig. Lehre von der Menschwerdung," in the Thcol. Quartalschr. , 1872 ; Schultz, " Christologie des Orig.," in the Jahrb f. protest. Thcol,, 1875 ; Mehlhorn, "Die Lehre von der menschlichen Freiheit nach Orig., "in Zeitschr. /, Kirchengcsch., vol. ii., 1878 ; Freppel, Origene, vol. i., 2d ed., Paris, 1875. " (A. HA.) ORIHUELA, a town and episcopal see of Spain, in the southern portion of the province of Alicante, 13 miles north east from Murcia and about 1 5 from the sea, is situated in a beautiful and exceedingly fertile " huerta," at the foot of a limestone ridge of moderate height, and on both sides of the Segura, here crossed by two bridges. There are remains of an old fort on the hill commanding the town ; and the gateway on the side of Valencia the Puerta del Colegio is a fine lofty arch, surmounted by an emblematic statue and the city arms. The most prominent buildings are the episcopal palace (1733), with a frontage of 600 feet, but partly ruinous ; the town-house (1843), containing the municipal archives and a considerable number of curious and important documents of national history ; and the cathedral, a comparatively small Gothic structure built on the site of a former mosque in the 14th century, and enlarged and tastelessly restored in 1829. There are large barracks on the outskirts, and many noblemen have town houses or " palaces " in Orihuela. There are also a con siderable number of convents, now suppressed. The uni versity of Orihuela, founded in 1568 by the archbishop of Valencia, was closed in 1835, part of the revenue being applied to the support of a college affiliated to the univer sity of Valencia. Besides numerous primary schools there are a theological seminary and a normal school. The final separation of Orihuela from the diocese of Cartagena took place in 1564. The inhabitants are largely engaged in agriculture, the trade in fruit (oranges and citrons, pomegranates, dates), as well as in cereals, oil, and wine, being considerable. There is a lively and picturesque weekly market. The manufactures, which are of secondary im portance, include textile fabrics, leather, saltpetre, and hats ; dyeing is also carried on. The population of the ayunta- miento was 20,929 in 1877, Orihuela is not mentioned in ancient geography, for a proposed identification with the Orcelis of Pliny is almost certainly wrong. As Auriela or AurivaJet, on the other hand, it figures frequently in the annals of the Moorish period ; in 713 it was held successfully for some time by Theodemir against Abd-al-Aziz. It was conquered by Jayme of Aragon, for his father-in-law Alphonso of Castile, in 1265. It suffered sack during the disturbances at the beginning of the reign of Charles V. (1520), and again in the War of Succession (1706). Local annals specially mention the plague of 1648, the flood of 1651, and the earthquake of 1829. ORINOCO, a river in the north of South America, which falls into the Atlantic on the north-east seaboard between 60 20 and 62 30 W. long., after draining an area of at least 366,000 square miles (belonging to Vene zuela and Colombia) in a course of about 1500 miles. Between the source of its westmost affluent, the Guaviare, and that of its eastmost, the Caroni, there is a difference of 14 degrees of longitude. The head- waters of the main stream rise on the southern slope of the Sierre Parime ; but the branch which keeps the name Orinoco has not yet been traced by any European, and the position of the lake from which, according to native report, it issues can only be vaguely fixed. Michelena y Rojas, who ascended the Orinoco as far as the mouth of the Mawaca (itself about 30 feet deep), found it even there a deep and navi gable river ; and a little way lower down it receives no inconsiderable accession from the Ocamo and Padamo. Below Esmeralda, a settlement in 65 50 W. long., long known as the limit of definite exploration, occurs one of the most remarkable bifurcations in the world ; while the main stream holds on in a north-west direction, a branch called the Casiquiare turns south and, increased by numerous small tributaries, runs for about 180 miles to the Rio Negro (an affluent of the Amazons) with so rapid a current that, while a boat takes only four natural days to descend, the return voyage requires twenty to thirty days. In the neigh bourhood of San Fernando de Atabapo (in 4 2 N, lat. and 68 10 W. long., a miserable village, but officially the capital of the Venezuelan province of the Amazons, and famous in the history of the river) the Orinoco is joined by the united waters of the Atabapo, the Ynirida, and the Guaviare, the Guaviare receiving the Ynirida