Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/124

112 Z A Z from 12 to 24 feet deep. Huge blocks of granite_40 feet by 10 or 20 feet occur in the masonry. The mint, erected by T. J. Waters, and organized by Major T. W. Kinder and twelve European officials, covers an area of 40 acres, and employs about 600 persons. It was opened in 1871. Both cannon and guns are manufactured in the arsenal. Apart from these Government establishments Ozaka is the seat of great industrial activity, possessing iron foundries, copper foundries, and rolling mills, antimony works, large glass works, paper mills, a sugar refinery, a cotton spin ning mill, rice mills, an oil factory, sulphuric acid works, match factories, soap works, sak6 distilleries, a brewery (after the German pattern), shipyards, &c. Bronzes, sulphuric acid, and matches are among its chief exports. In the surrounding district large quantities of rape-seed are grown. The population in 1872 was 271,992 ; in 1877, 284,105. Ozaka owes its origin to Ren-nio Sho-nin, the 8th head of the Shin-Shin sect, who in 1495-6 built, on the site now occupied by the castle, a temple which afterwards became the principal residence of his successors. In 1580, after ten years successful defence of his position, Ken-nio, the llth "abbot," was obliged to surrender ; and in 1583 the victorious Hideyoshi made Ozaka his capital. The town was opened to foreign trade in 1868. OZAXAM, ANTOIXE FREDERIC (1813-1853), the greatest name, as far as literary and historical criticism is concerned, of the Neo-Catholic movement in France during the first half of the 19th century, was born at Milan on April 13, 1813. His family is said (as the name suggests) to have been of Jewish extraction, and has a circumstantial though possibly fabulous genealogy of extraordinary length. At any rate it had been settled in the Lyonnais for many centuries. In the third generation before Frederic it had reached distinction through Jacques Ozanam, a mathema tician of eminence. The critic s father, Antoine Ozanam, served in the armies of the republic, but could not stomach the empire, and betook himself to commerce, teaching, and finally medicine. The boy was brought up at Lyons, and was strongly influenced by one of his masters, the Abb6 Xoirot. His conservative and religious instincts showed themselves early, and he published a pamphlet against Saint-Simonianism in 1831, which attracted the attention of Lamartine. He was then sent to study law in Paris, where he fell in with the Ampere family, and through them with excellent literary society. He also came under the influence of the Abbe Gerbet, the soberest and most learned member of the religious school of Lamennais and Lacordaire. Ozanam, however, though he joined with all the fervour of youth in the Xeo-Catholic polemic, never underwent the uncomfortable experiences of the direct followers of Lamennais. His journal (for in those years every one was a journalist) was not the Avenir, but the more orthodox Tribune Catholique of Bailly, and he with some other young men founded the famous society of St Vincent de Paul, which was occupied in practical good works. Meanwhile he did not neglect his studies. He was called to the bar, and_in 1838 won his doctor s degree in letters with a thesis on Dante, which was the beginning of his best-known book. A year later he was appointed to a professorship of commercial law at Lyons, and in another year assistant professor to Fauriel at the Sorbonne. On this latter precarious endowment he married, and visited Italy on his wedding tour. At Fauriel s death in 1844 he succeeded to the full professorship of foreign literature, and his future was thereby tolerably assured. He had, however, by no means a strong constitution, and he tried it severely by combining with his professorial work a good deal of literary occupation, while he still continued his custom of district-visiting as a member of the society of St Vincent de Paul. The short remainder of his life was extremely busy, though it was relieved at intervals by visits to Italy, Brittany, England, and other places. He produced numerous books, and during the revolution of 1848 (of which, like not a few of his school, he took an unduly sanguine view) he once more became a journalist in the Ere Nouvelle and other papers for a short time. He was in London at the time of the Exhibition of 1851. In little more than two years from that date he died of consumption (which he had vainly hoped to cure by visit ing Italy) on September 8, 1853, at the age of forty. Ozanam deserves the phrase which has been attached to his nama at the beginning of this article. He was more sincere, more learned, and more logical than Chateaubriand, less of a political partisan and less of a literary sentimentalist than Montalembert. "Whether his conception of a democratic Catholicism was a possible one is of course a matter of opinion, and it may be frankly admitted that, well as he knew the Middle Ages, he looked at them too exclusively through the spectacles of a defender of the papacy. He confessed that his object was to "prove the contrary thesis to Gibbon s." And no doubt any historian, literary or other, who begins with the desire to prove a thesis is sure to go more or less wrong. But his pictures were not so much coloured >y his prepossessions as some contemporary pictures on the other side, and he had not only a great knowledge of mediaeval literature, but also a strong and appreciative sympathy with mediaeval life. His chief works (collected in 1855-58) were Bacon ct St Thomas de Cantorbery, 1836; Dante ct la Philosophic Catholique, 1839 (2d ed., enlarged, 1845); Etudes Gcrmaniqucs, 1847-49 ; Documents inedits pour scrvir a I Histoire (^Italic, 1850; Lcs Poetcs Frandscains, 1852. There is an interesting life of him in English by K. O Meara (2d ed., London, 1878). OZOCERITE, or OZOKERITE (owv, odour-emitting, and K-qpos, wax; smelling wax, mineral wax), is a combustible mineral which may be designated as crude native PARAFFIN (q.v.), found in many localities in varying degrees of purity. The only commercial sources of supply however are in Galicia, principally at Boryslaff and Dzwieniasz. Hofstadter in 1854 examined an ozocerite from " Boristoff near Drohobiez," Galicia ; he found it to consist chiefly of hydrocarbon which, after crystallization from alcohol, exhibited the composition CH 2 of the defines ; this, however, is quite compatible with their being really "paraffins," C u H 2 ,, +2 , which latter formula for a large n coincides practically with C,,H 2u . At and near Baku and in other places about the Caspian Sea, soft oily native paraffins, known as " nefto-gil" or " nefte-degil " and " kir," are found with other petroleum products. The theory of the formation of ozocerite now generally accepted is that it is a product of the decomposition of organic substances, which was originally like petroleum, but has lost its more volatile components by volatilization. All native petroleum in fact, like crude paraffin oil, holds solid paraffin in solution. Galician ozocerite varies in consistence from that of a rather firm and hard wax to that of a soft adherent plastic mass, and in colour from yellow to a dark (almost black) green. Its melting-point ranges from 58 to 98 C. (136^ to 208 Fahr.); the extra high melting point of the paraffin extracted from it is one of its distinguishing features. Besides the earthy impurities which are always associated with the mineral as found in the " nests " containing it, it is mixed with liquid hydrocarbons, resinous oxygenated compounds, and water. In the following table columns I. and II. show the yield in two distillations of a superior quality of the ozocerite of Boryslaff, as given by Perutz. I. II. Benzene 5-67 0-27 Naphtha.. . ... 3-67 11-00 Paraffin 82-33 78-32 Pyrene and chrysene.. . . 2-05 Coke and loss 5 -59 8-28 Water 0-33 2-13 The purified paraffin of ozocerite makes excellent candles, which are said to give more light, weight for weight, than