Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/183

P A L P A L 1(17 but the emperor Charles IV., in return for a part of the Upper Palatinate, conferred on Rupert I. and his. heirs the exclusive right to the electoral dignity. Rupert L, in 1386, founded the university of Heidelberg. He was succeeded by his nephew, Adolph s son, Rupert II., whose son and successor, Rupert III., was elected emperor in 1400. After the death of Rupert III. in 1410, his here ditary territories were divided among his four sons, Louis III., John, Stephen (who became palsgrave of Simmern and Zweibriicken), and Otho. The families of John and Otho soon died out, and the last representative of the line of Louis III. Otho Henry died in 1559. The lands of Otho Henry and the electoral dignity then passed to Frederick [II., of the Simmern line ; and Frederick III. marked an important epoch in the history of the electorate by definitely associating himself and his house with the Reformed or Calvinistic Church. His immediate successors were Louis VI., Frederick IV., and Frederick V. The latter, in 1C 19, rashly accepted the crown of Bohemia ; and the result was that, after his expulsion from his new kingdom, the Palatinate was given by the emperor Ferdinand II. to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria. In virtue of the treaty of Westphalia, Charles Louis, Frederick V. s son, who died in 1680, received back the Lower Palatinate, and in hi* favour an eighth electorate was created, with which was associated the office of lord high treasurer (Erzschatzmeisteramt). The house of Bavaria retained the Upper Palatinate, with the office of arch-sewer (Erztruchsessamt), and Avith the rank which had formerly been held in the electoral college by the counts palatine ; but it was arranged that, if the male line of Bavaria died out, the lands and rights which had belonged to the rulers of the whole Palatinate should be restored to their descendants. Charles, Charles Louis s son, who died in 1685, was the last representative of the Simmern line. The electoral dignity and the lands con nected with it then passed to Charles s kinsman, Philip William, of the Neuburg line, which sprang from Louis the Black, the second son of Stephen, son of Rupert III. Of Louis the Black s two grandsons, Louis and Rupert, the latter was the ancestor of the Veldenz line, which died out in 1694, while from the former sprang all other pala tine lines the Neuburg line, the Neuzweibriicken line, the Birkenfeld line, the Sulzbach line. Philip William, of the Neuburg line, died in 1690, and was succeeded by his son John William, who in 1694 inherited Veldenz, and during the war of the Spanish succession received the Upper Palatinate and all the ancient rights of his house. At the conclusion of the war, however, both rights and lands were restored to the elector of Bavaria. In 1716 John William was succeeded by his brother Charles Philip; and with Charles Philip, who died in 1642, the Neuburg line came to an end, and the Lower Palatinate was inherited by Charles Theodore, of the Sulzbach line. In 1777 the male line of Bavaria be came extinct by the death of the elector Maximilian Joseph; and then, in accordance with the treaty of West phalia, the Upper Palatinate and the Lower Palatinate were reunited, and the palsgrave resumed the office of arch-sewer and the ancient place of his family in the electoral college, while the office of lord high treasurer was transferred to the elector of Brunswick. The successor of Charles Theodore, who died childless in 1799, was Maxi milian Joseph, duke of Zweibriicken. By the treaty of Luneville in 1801 his territories were divided, the part which lay on the left bank of the Rhine being taken by France, while portions on the right bank were given to the grand-duchy of Baden, to Hesse-Darmstadt, to the prince of Leiningen-Dachsburg, and to Nassau. By the treaties of Paris concluded in 1814 and in 1815, the palatine lands on the left bank of the Rhine were restored to Germany, the larger part of them being granted to Bavaria, and the rest to Hesse-Darmstadt and Prussia. The Prussian part of the Palatinate is in the Rhine province; the Hesse- Darmstadt part is included in the province of Starkenburg and Rhine Hesse ; the Bavarian part is known as Rhenish Bavaria ; and the Baden part is in the Lower Rhine district, which in 1865 was divided into the districts of Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Mosbach. See Huusser, Geschichtc der rheinischcn Ffrdz, 1845 ; Nebenius, Gcschichte der Pfah, 1874. PALAWAN. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PALAZZOLO (often P.-Acreide to distinguish it from several other places of the same name), a city of Italy, in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 28 miles west of Syracuse, with a population of 11,069 according to the census of 1881. It is mainly of interest on account of the remains it still preserves of the ancient city of Acrse, which was founded by Syracuse in 663 B.C. These consist of a temple, an aqueduct, a theatre with a fine view towards Etna, a smaller theatre or odeum, a group of thirteen cisterns, and, in the vicinity, various rows of rock-cut tombs, from which a rich harvest of vases, &c., was obtained by Baron Judica, the great explorer of the site. See Judica, Antichita di Acre. PALEARIO, AONIO (c. 1500-1570), Italian humanist and Reformer, was born about 1500 at Veroli in the Roman Campagna. Other forms of his name are Antonio Delia Paglia, A. Degli Pagliaricci. In 1520 he went to Rome, where, during the years immediately following, he made lasting friendships among the scholars and men of letters whom Leo X. had gathered to his brilliant court. Driven from Rome by the troubles of 1527, he found a home first at Perugia and afterwards, from 1530 onwards, at Siena, where he married happily in 1534. In 1536 his didactic poem in Latin hexameters, De Immortalitate Animamm, was published at Lyons. It is divided into three books, the first containing his proofs of the divine existence, and the remaining two the theological and philosophical arguments for immortality based on that postulate. The whole concludes with a rhetorical descrip tion of the occurrences of the second advent. Meanwhile his religious views had been undergoing considerable modification, and in 1542 an Italian tract written by him and entitled Delia Pienezza, Sufticiema, et Satisfazione ddla Passione di Ckristo, or Lihellus de Morte Christi, was made by the Inquisition the basis of a charge of heresy, from which, however, he successfully defended himself. To the period of his stay in Siena belongs also his Actio in Pontifices Romanes et eorum Asseclas, a vigorous indict ment, in twenty " testimonia," against what he now be lieved to be the fundamental error of the Roman Church in subordinating Scripture to tradition, as well as against various particular doctrines, such as that of purgatory; it was not, however, printed until after his death (Leipsic, 1606). In 1546 he accepted a professorial chair at Lucca, which he exchanged in 1555 for that of Greek and Latin literature at Milan. Here about 1566 his enemies renewed their activity, and in 1567 he was formally accused of having taught the doctrine of justification by faith alone, denied that of purgatory, spoken slightingly of monastic institutions, and so on. Removed to Rome to answer these charges, he was detained in prison until sentence of death was carried out in July 1570. An edition of his works (Ant. Palcarii Vcrulani Opera), includ ing four books of Ejnstolse and twelve Orationes besides the De Immortalitate, was published at Lyons in 1552 ; this was followed by two others, at Basel, during his lifetime, and several after his death, the fullest being that of Amsterdam, 1696. A work entitled Bencfizio di Cristo (" The Benefit of Christ s Death "), frequently translated, has often been attributed to Paleario, but on insuffi cient grounds.