Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/226

208 P A N P A N often pictured among the Bacchic Thiasus. It was only a step further to speak of many Pans, male and female, and of infant Panisci. In the mystic eclecticism of Orphic religion, Pan was conceived as- the universal god in a pantheistic fashion. His mother is variously called GSnoe, or Callisto, or Penelope ; his father is Zeus, or Hermes, or Apollo, or Odysseus, or the suitors generally. He was represented as a half-human half-brute figure, with the legs and horns of a goat and a face whose features resembled those of an animal. According to the Homeric Hymn, his mother was terrified when he w r as born with his hideous figure and long goat s beard. The story, alluded to by Milton, Mrs Browning, and the modern poets, of the pilot Thamus, who, sailing near Paxos in the time of Tiberius, was commanded by a mighty voice to proclaim that " Pan is dead," is first found in Plutarch (De Orac. Defectu, 699). PAX^ETIUS, a Stoic philosopher, lived about 185-112 B.C. He belonged to a Rhodian family, but was probably educated partly in Pergamum and afterwards in Athens. About 156 B.C. he came from Athens to Rome, where he became a friend of La^lius and of Scipio the younger. He lived as a guest in the house of Scipio, and accompanied him in his final campaign against Carthage and in his expedition to Egypt and Asia, 143 B.C. He had an important influence in the introduction of Greek philosophy into Rome, and taught a number of distinguished Romans. He returned to Athens, probably after the murder of Scipio in 129 B.C., and succeeded Antipater as head of the Stoic school. The right of citizenship was offered him by the Athenians, but not accepted. In his teaching he laid most stress on ethics; and his most important works, of which only insignificant fragments are preserved, were on this subject. He w r rote (apparently during his Roman visit) a treatise on virtue, Trtpi TOV KC^KOVTOS, in three books, upon which Cicero has chiefly founded his work De Officiis. Works Trepl Trpovotas, Trepl evOv/Jiias, Arc., were also composed by Panaetius. PANAMA, a state and city of Colombia, in the extreme north of South America. The city, which is the capital of the state and the seat of a bishop, is situated on the coast of the Pacific at the head of the Gulf of Panama, a few r miles east of the mouth of the Rio Grande, occupying partly a tongue of coral and basaltic rock and partly a gentle rise towards Mount Ancon, an eminence 560 feet in height. The cathedral stands in 8 57 16" N. lat, and 79 30 50" W. long. In the 16th and 17th centuries Panama was, next to Cartagena, -the strongest fortress in South America ; but its massive granite ramparts, con structed by Alfonzo Mercado de Villacorta (1673), in some places 40 feet high and 60 feet broad, have been razed on the land side (where they separated the city proper from the suburbs of Santa Ana, Pueblo Nuevo, and Arrabal) and allowed to fall into a ruinous condition tow r ards the sea. Of the old Spanish houses constructed in the Moorish fashion comparatively few remain ; but three-story build ings, in which the two upper stories project, are sufficiently common to give a distinctive character to the city, which thus differs from the other towns of Central America. Ruins of churches and convents occupy a large area, those of the Jesuit college being the most imposing, and those of the Franciscan monastery (on the north-west sea wall) the most extensive. The cathedral, built in 1760, is a spacious edifice in the so-called Jesuit style, and its two lateral towers are the loftiest in Central America. It was restored in 1873-76, but the fagade was destroyed and columns thrown down by the earthquake of September 7, 1882. The church of Santa Ana, in the suburb of that name, is of interest as the rallying point of the insurgents in the local revolutions; the high ground on which it stands commands the city, and was long kept carefully free of all buildings. The president s residence, the governor s office, the state assembly house, the hospital in the old convent of the Conception, and the grand hotel (now the head offices of the canal company) in the principal square are the buildings now of most note. Besides the episcopal seminary there exist a sisters-of-charity school and a ladies college, with teachers from the United States and Canada. In the rainy season streams of water flow- down the streets, but in the dry season the city is dependent on water brought in carts from the Matasnillo, a distance of several miles, the only perennial wells which it possessed having been dried up by the earthquake of 8th March 1883. By 1885, however, water-works introducing the Railway and Canal from Panama to Colon. water of the Rio Grande at a cost of 50,000 are to be completed. Rents are high, and living is expensive. As Panama, like Colon, is a free port, statistics of trade arc not collected. The local exports are india-rubber (growing scarcer), gold-dust, hides, ivory nuts, manganese, shells, tobacco, cocobolo (a cabinet wood), tortoise-shell, vanilla, whale oil, sarsaparilla, and cocoa-nuts. The PanamA pearl fishery is still prosecuted with success. The passengers across the isthmus were 35,076 in 1868, 22,941 in 1876, 52,113 in 1881, and 75,703 in 1882. In 1870 the popu lation of Panam.4 (of very varied origin) was 18,378; by 1880 it was 25,000, of whom about 5000 were strangers. Panama (an Indian word meaning abounding in fish) was founded in 1518 Ly Pedro Arias Davila, and is thus the oldest European city in America, the older settlement at Santa Maria el Antigua near the Atrato having been abandoned and leaving no trace. Originally it was situated six or seven miles farther north on the left side of the Rio Algarrobo; but, the former city, which was the great emporium for the gold and silver from Peru, and "had eight monasteries, a cathedral, and two churches, a iine hospital, 200 richly furnished houses, nearly 5000 houses of a humbler sort, a Cenoese chamber of commerce, and 200 warehouses, was after three weeks of rapine and murder burned, February 24, 1671, by Morgan s buccaneers, who carried off 175 laden mules and more than 600 pris oners" (see Travels of Pedro de Cic~a dcLco7i, Hakluyt Soc., 1864). A new city was founde l on the present site by Villacorta in 1673.