Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/246

228 P A P P A P became an important town under the Macedonian monarchs ; while Amisus, a colony of Sinope, which was situated a short distance east of the Halys, and therefore did not fall strictly within the limits of Paphlagonia as defined by Strabo, though often considered as belonging to that pro vince, rose to be almost a rival of its parent city. The other towns along the coast of the Euxine were of little consequence, and none of those in the interior ever rose to any importance. The most considerable were Gangra, in ancient times the capital of the Paphlagonian kings, after wards called Germanicopolis, and situated near the frontier of Galatia, and Pompeiopolis, in the valley of the Amnias (a tributary of the Halys), near which were extensive mines of the mineral called by Strabo sandarake (red arsenic), which was largely exported from Sinope. (E. H. B.) PAPHOS, the name of two cities near the west coast of Cyprus. t Old Paphos was on the river Bocarus, about 10 stadia from the coast, near the promontory Zephyrium ; it had a harbour at the mouth of the river. The city was distinguished by a temple of Aphrodite, to which an oracle was attached ; the priest exercised a sort of hieratic supre macy over the whole island. Paphos was the favourite city of Aphrodite, who is often styled the Paphian goddess. The grave of Aphrodite was shown in the city, and her image in the temple was a conical stone. There is no doubt that both the city and the cultus were of Phoenician origin. Apollodorus says that the Syrian king Cinyras was the founder. The place was subject to earthquakes ; it was totally destroyed by a shock in the time of Augustus, and, being restored by that emperor, took the name Augusta or Se/focm;, which, however, did not displace the old name. New Paphos was situated in a fertile plain, about 10 miles inland from Old Paphos. There was a great festal procession from it every year to the temple of Aphrodite in the old city. It was a nourishing commercial place in the time of Strabo. PAPIAS, bishop of the Phrygian Hierapolis in the first half of the 2d century, is mentioned by Irenseus as "an ancient man," "the hearer of John and the com panion of Polycarp. " According to the Ckromcon Pascale, Papias suffered martyrdom at Pergamum in the year of that of Polycarp at Smyrna (163 A.D., or, according to other reckonings, 156). His name figures largely in Biblical criticism in connexion with his work entitled AoyiW Kvpia.Kuv er/y?7<rts, of which only a few small frag ments have been preserved in the form of citations in the writings of Irenseus, Eusebius, and later authors. See GOSPELS, vol. x. p. 815 sq. The fragments are collected in Routh s Eeliq. Sacr. (vol. i., 1846), and in Gebhard and Harnack s Pair. Apost. Opera. PAPIER MACH6 (mashed or pulped paper) is a term embracing numerous manufactures in which paper pulp is employed, pressed and moulded into various forms other than uniform sheets, such as ordinary paper and millboards. In the East the art has long been practised, especially in Kashmir, where, under the name of kar-i- kalamdani, or pen-tray work, the manufacture of small painted boxes, trays, and cases of papier madid is a characteristic industry. About the middle of the 18th century papier madid work came into prominence in Europe in the form of trays, boxes, and other small domestic articles, japanned and ornamented in imitation of Oriental manufactures of the same class ; and contempor aneously papier mache snuff boxes ornamented in vernis .Martin came into favour. In 1772 Henry Clay of Birmingham secured a patent for a method of preparing this material, which he used for coach-building, for door and other panels, and for many furniture and structural pur poses. In 1845 the application of the material to internal architectural decoration was patented by C. F. Bielefeld of London, and for this purpose it has come into extensive use. Under the name of carton pierre, a substance which is essentially papier mache is also largely employed as a substitute for plaster in the moulded ornaments of roofs and walls, and the ordinary roofing felts, too, are very closely allied in their composition to papier madid. Under the name of ceramic papier miichd, architectural enrich ments are also made of a composition patented by Mr Martin, the constituents of which are paper pulp, resin, glue, a drying oil, and acetate of lead. Among the other articles for which the substance is used may be enumer ated masks, dolls heads and other toys, anatomical and botanical models, artists lay figures, milliners and clothiers blocks, mirror and picture frames, tubes, &c. The materials for the commoner classes of work are old waste and scrap paper, repulped, and mixed with a strong size of glue and paste. To this very often are added large quantities of ground chalk, clay, and fine sand, so that the preparation is little more than a plaster held together by the fibrous pulp. For the finest class of work Clay s original method is retained. It consists of soaking several sheets of a specially made paper in a strong size of paste and glue, pasting these together, and pressing them in the mould of the article to be made. The moulded mass is dried in a stove, and, if necessary, further similar layers of paper are added, till the required thickness is attained. The dried object is hardened by dipping in oil, after which it is variously trimmed and prepared for japanning and ornamentation. For very delicate relief orna ments, a pulp of scrap paper is prepared, which after drying is ground to powder mixed with paste and a proportion of potash, all of which are thoroughly incorporated into a fine smooth stiff paste. The numerous processes by which surface decoration is applied to papier mache differ in no way from the application of like ornamentation to other surfaces. Papier mache for its weight is an exceedingly tough, strong, durable substance, possessed of some elasticity, little subject to warp or fracture, and unaffected by damp. PAPIN, DENIS (1647-C.1712), French physicist, and one of the inventors of the steam-engine, was a native of Blois, where he was born in 1647. In 1661 or 1662 he entered upon the study of medicine at the university of Angers, where he graduated in 1669, with the intention apparently of settling as a practising physician in that city. Some time prior to 1674 he removed to Paris and assisted Huygens in his experiments with the air-pump, the results of which (Experiences du Vuide) were published at Paris in that year, and also in the form of five papers by Huygens and Papin jointly, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1675. Shortly after the publication of the Experiences, Papin, who had crossed to London hoping to find some congenial employment, was hospitably received by Boyle, and gave him some assistance in his laboratory and with his writings ; about this time also he introduced into the air-pump the improvement of making it with double barrels, and replacing by the two valves the turn-cock hitherto used. He is said, moreover, to have been the first to use the plate and receiver, which are organs of capital importance in the modern form of the instrument. Subsequently he invented the condensing-pump, and in 1680 he was admitted, on Boyle s nomination, to the Royal Society. In the following year he communicated to the Society an account of his famous steam " digester, or engine for softening bones," afterwards described in a tract published at Paris, and entitled La maniere d amollir les os et dt, faire couire tmites sortes de viandes en fort pen de terns et a pen de frais, avec une description de la marmite, ses proprietes et ses usages. In this instrument the principle of the safety-valve was applied for the first time. After some further experiments with the digester he accepted an invitation to Venice to take part in the work of the recently founded Academy of the Philosophical and Mathematical Sciences; here he remained until 1684, when he returned to London and received from the Royal Society an appointment as " temporary curator of experi ments, " with a small salary. In this capacity he carried