Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/291

P A R P A R 273 is a square atrium with three arches on each side ; to the west of the atrium is a now roofless baptistery, and to the west of that rises the campanile ; so that the total length from campanile to apse is about 230 feet. Mosaics, now greatly spoiled, form the chief decoration of both outside and inside. The high altar is covered with a noble baldachin, dating from 1277. Small portions of two temples and an inscribed stone are the only remains of the ancient Roman city that readily catch the eye. Parentium, conquered by the Romans in 178 B.C., was made a colony probably by Augustus after the battle of Actium, for its title in inscriptions is Colonia Julia and not, as it has often been given, Col. Ulpia. It grew to be a place of some note with about 6000 inhabitants within its walls and 10,000 in its suburbs. The bishopric, founded in 524, gradually acquired ecclesiastical authority over a large number of abbeys and other foundations in the surrounding country. The city, which had long been under the influence of Venice, formally recognized Venetian supremacy in 1267, and as a Venetian town it was in 1354 attacked and plundered by Paganino Doria of Genoa. In 1630 the plague (which had already visited Parenzo in 1360, 1456, &c.) reduced the population to barely 100 ; but by 1800 the number had increased again to 2000. The bishoprics of Pola and Parenzo were united in 1827. The basilica is one of those churches in which the priest when celebrating mass stands behind the altar with his face to the west. See Vergottin, Breve saggio d istoria delta cittd di Parenzo, Venice, 1796; Handler, Cenni a! forestiero che visita Parenzo, Trieste, 1845 ; Neale, Notes on Dalmatia, Istria, <kc,, 1861, with ground plan of cathedral; and E. A. Freeman in Saturday Review, 1875, reprinted in his Subject and Neighbour Lands of Venice, 1881. PARGA, a town on the Albanian coast, in the Turkish vilayet of Janina, beautifully situated in the midst of orchards devoted to the cultivation of the larger citron, with a rock-built citadel and a harbour formed by a mole constructed by the Venetians in 1572. Its population does not now exceed 1500, but its imports and exports (citrons, wool, oak bark, and skins) reach a value of 42,000 (1880), and the place is historically famous. Originally occupying the site of the ancient Toryne (Palreo-Parga), a short distance to the west, Parga was removed to its present position after the Turkish invasion. Under Venetian protection, freely accepted in 1401, the inhabitants maintained their municipal independence and commercial prosperity down to the destruction of the great republic in 1797, though on two occasions, in 1500 and 1560, their city was burned by the Turks. The attempts of Ali Pasha of Janina to make himself master of the place were thwarted partly by the presence of a French garrison in the citadel and partly by the heroic attitude of the Pargiotes themselves, who were anxious to have their city incorporated with the Ionian Republic. To secure their purpose they in 1814 expelled the French garrison and accepted British protection ; but the British Government in 1815, with a breach of faith which excited general reprobation, determined to go back to the convention of 1800 by which Parga was to be surrendered to Turkey, though no mosque was to be built or Mussulman to settle within its territory. Rather than subject themselves to the tyranny of Ali Pasha, the Pargiotes decided to forsake their country ; and accordingly in 1819, having previously exhumed and burned the remains of their ancestors, they migrated to the Ionian Islands. The Turkish Government was constrained to pay them 142,425 by way of compensation. See Edinburgh Review, 1819, and Finlay s Hist, of Greece (Tozer s edition) for authorities. PARHELIA. See HALO, vol. xi. pp. 398, 399. PARIAN CHRONICLE. This famous Chronicle is contained in the ARUNDELIAN MARBLES (q.v.) now at Oxford. It originally embraced an outline of Greek history from the reign of Cecrops, king of Athens (1582 B.C.), down to the archonship of Diognetus at Athens (264 B.C.), but the remaining portion extends no farther than 355 B.C. The Chronicle seems to have been set up by a private person, but, as the opening of the inscription has perished, we do not know the occasion or motives which prompted the step. The author of the Chronicle has given much attention to the festivals, and to poetry and music thus he has recorded the dates of the establishment of festivals, of the introduction of various kinds of poetry, the births and deaths of the poets, and their victories in contests of poetical skill. On the other hand, important political and military events are often entirely omitted; thus the return of the Heraclidse, Lycurgus, the wars of Messene, Draco, Solon, Clisthenes, Pericles, the Pelopon- nesian War, and the Thirty Tyrants are not even mentioned. The years are reckoned backward from the archonship of Diognetus, and the dates are further specified by the kings and archons of Athens. The reckoning by Olympiads is not employed. Amongst the legendary dates recorded in the Chronicle the following may be mentioned : Deucalion s Deluge, 1265 years before the archon ship of Diognetus, i.c , 1529 B.C. Origin of Amphictyonic league 1522 ,, National name changed from Greeks (Graikoi) to Hellenes 1521 Arrival of Cadmus ; foundation of Cadmea 1519 Arrival of Danaus and the Danaides in Greece 1511 Invention of the flute 1506 Minos reigns in Crete; discovery of iron in Mount Ida 1432 Introduction of corn by Ceres and Triptolemus ... 1409 Orpheus publishes his poetry 1399 First puritication for manslaughter 1326 Theseus founds Athens by union of twelve cities ; he establishes the democracy 1 259 Beginning of Trojan War 1218 Capture of Troy 1209 Hesiod flourishes 937 Homer flourishes 907 From the attention bestowed on poets and tyrants in the Chronicle, Boeckh infers that its author drew mainly on the works of Phanias of Eresus, a disciple of Aristotle, who wrote on poets, the tyrants of Sicily, tyrannicide, &c. Further, from some resem blances between Eusebius and the Chronicle, Boeckh is led to conjecture that the Christian historian may have made use of the same sources as the author of the Chronicle. The Parian Chronicle is given by Boeckh in the Corpus Inscriptionum Grxca- nim, vol. ii., and by Miiller in the Fragmenta Historicorum Grxcorum, vol. i.; it is edited separately by Flach, Tiibingen, 1883. PARIN1, GIUSEPPE (1729-1799), Italian poet, was born in the district of Bosisio in the Milanese, on the 22d of May 1729. His parents, who possessed a small farm on the shore of Lake Pusiano, sent him to Milan, where he studied under the Barnabites in the Academy Arcimboldi, maintaining himself latterly by copying manu scripts. In 1752 he published at Lugano, under the pseudonym of Ripano Eupilino, a small volume of sciolto verse which secured his election to the Accademia dei Transformati at Milan and to that of the Arcadi at Rome. Encouraged yet further by his success in two controversies with Alessandro Bandiera and Onofrio Branda, he pro ceeded to utilize in the composition of the satire, II Matfino, the knowledge of aristocratic life which he had gained as tutor in the Borromei and Serbelloni families. The poem, which was published in 1763, and which marked a distinct advance in Italian blank verse, consisted of ironical instructions to a young nobleman as to the best method of spending his mornings. It at once established Parini s popularity and influence, and two years later a con tinuation of the same theme was published under the title of II Mezzogiorno. The Austrian plenipotentiary, Count Firmian, who had favoured the publication of the poems, interested himself in procuring the poet s advancement, appointing him, in the first place, editor of the Gazette, and in 1769, in despite of the Jesuits, to a specially created chair of belles lettres in the Palatine School. His subse quent lectures as professor of rhetoric in the Gymnasium di Brera are still of value, and as occupant of the chair of fine arts he was frequently consulted by the artists of the day in matters of taste and design. On the French occupation of Milan he was appointed magistrate by Napoleon and Saliceti, but almost immediately retired to resume his literary work and to complete II Vespro and La Notte, the two last divisions of the Giorno. He died on the 15th of August 1799. An indisputable force in the history of Italian literature, he owed his influence rather to a carefully cultivated taste than to any strongly marked originality of genius. His works were published in 6 vols. 8vo, Milan, 1801-4. XVIII. - - 35