Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/304

282 PARIS Hos pitals. in 1S74); (8) the Ducliatcl room, bequeathed by the widow of the minister of that name (La Source, a masterpiece by Ingres) ; (9) the Timbal, His de la Salle, and Davilliers collections, consisting re spectively of furniture drawing and curiosities, drawings, and pottery, furniture, and tapestry ; (10) a mediaeval and renaissance muscu m, comprising French, Italian, or Hispano-Moorish pottery and terra cotta ware, as well as objects in bronze, glass, and ivory the Sauvageot collection being of note ; (11) the museum of drawings and chalks, of which the more valuable are preserved in drawers ; (12) a museum of ancient bronzes ; (13) the Apollo gallery, adorned by the leading artists who have been employed on the palace, and containing the royal gems and jewels, articles of goldsmith s work, and enamels. The second floor accommodates the naval museum, the ethnographic, museum (African, Chinese, Mexican), part of the French school of painting, and rooms for the study of Egyptian papyrus-rolls. The museum of the Luxembourg, installed in a portion of the palace occupied by the senate, is devoted to works of living painters and sculptors acquired by the state. They remain there for ten years after the death of the respective artists, that the finest may be selected for the Louvre. The Cluny museum occupies the old mansion of the abbots of that order, built in the 15th century by Jacques d Amboise. It was found. -d by M. du Sommerard, whose collections were acquired by the state in 1843. Increased from year to year since that date, it now contains about 10,000 articles pieces of sculpture in marble and stone, carvings in wood, ivories, enamels, terra cottas, bronzes, furniture, pictures, stained glass, pottery, tapestry, glass ware, lock smith work, and jewellery of mediaeval and Renaissance times. In the neighbourhood are the remains of the ancient palace of the emperor Julian; in the midst of the ruins, and in the garden which surrounds them, has been collected a Gallo-Roman museum, to which have been added many fragments of mediaeval sculpture or masonry, found in the city or its vicinity. The Carnavalet museum occupies the mansion in which Madame de Sevigne resided ; it is a municipal museum, in which are brought together all objects of interest for the history of Paris. The artillery museum, in the Hotel des Invalides, comprises ancient armour, military weapons, flags, and an ethnographic collection reproducing the principal types of Oceania, America, and the coasts of Africa and Asia. The permanent exhibition of the products of Algeria and the colonies is in the Palais de 1 Industrie ; and finally the Trocadero palace contains a museum of comparative sculpture and ethnographic galleries for exhibiting curiosities brought home from distant countries by the principal French official travellers. Public Charity Hospitals, &c. The administration of public charity is entrusted to a responsible director, under the authority of ths Seine prefect, and assisted by a board of supervision consisting of twenty members. The funds at his disposal are derived (1) from the revenue of certain estates, houses, farms, woods, stocks, shares (250,680 in 1882) ; (2) from taxes on seats in the theatres (one-tenth of the price), balls, concerts, the Mont cle Piete, and allotments in the cemeteries (252,117); (3) from subsidies paid by the town, the department, and the state (970,368); (4) from other sources (522,398, including 130,787 from voluntary donations). The charges on the administration consist of " outside relief" to the poor (sccours a domicile) the "service" of the hospitals, and the support of charity children. In each arrondisse- ment there is a bureau dc bienfaisance, consisting of the maire, his assistants, twelve administrators, and an indefinite number of ladies and gentlemen (known as commissaires and dames de, charit6) who give voluntary and gratuitous assistance. The secretary and treasurer is a paid official ; and 180 doctors, 110 midwives, and 207 relicficuses, distributed among fifty-eight houses of relief (mai- sons dc sccours), are employed in the service of the bureaus, which in 1880 received 104.236 applications for aid presented by 63 "visi tors." The expenses for that year amounted to 69, 843 for food, 13,140 for clothing, 6114 for fuel, 29,361 for medicine and medical advice, 15,032 for other assistance in kind, and 83,843 for assistance in money. The pauper population, enumerated every three years, consisted in 1880 of 123,735 persons (53,591 males, 70,144 females) in 46,815 families, or at the rate of 1 person for every 16 07 inhabitants in the city, an increase of 3153 families and 10,418 persons since 1877, and 10,102 families and 33,448 persons since 1861. Of the families assisted in 1880, 18,125 obtained temporary relief and 28,690 relief throughout the entire year. This destitute class is very unequally distributed among the several arrondissements. Whilst in the 9th arrondissement there is only 1 pauper in 50 inhabitants, and in the 1st, 8th, and 2d 1 pauper in 46, 45, and 44 inhabitants, in the 13th arrondissement there is 1 in 7, in the 20th 1 in 8, and in the 19th 1 in 9. The paupers are for the most part under sixty years of age, and occupy single rooms, at a rent of from 4 to 8 per annum, generally with a single fireplace and a single bed. There are usually no children under fourteen years of age. The doctors in 1880 gave 453,036 consultations at the dispensaries, and performed vaccination in 31,549 cases. The midwives attended 5126 women boarding in their houses for their confinement, and gave assistance to 14,178 during pregnancy. Domiciliary visits were paid by the medical staff in 1880 to 80,322 patients and to 48,269 necessitous persons. The doctors, surgeons, chemists, both resident and non-resident, connected with the hospitals, are all admitted by competitive ex amination. In 1880 the staff for the hospitals of Paris and the auxiliary hospitals of Forges, Garches, and Roche Guyon (Seine- et-Oise), and Berck (Pas dc Calais) consisted of 32 doctors or surgeons at the central office of admission, 118 hospital doctors or surgeons, 8 doctors for the insane, 18 chemists. 291 internes, 1 470 externes, 575 probationers, and 9 midwives or midwives assistants. The hospitals are classified as general hospitals Hotel Dieu, Pitie, Charite, Saint Antoine, Nccker, Cochin, Beaujon, Laribois- iere, Tenon, Laennec, Tournelles ; special hospitals St Louis (skin diseases), Midi or South (venereal diseases, men), Lourcine (venereal diseases, women and children), Maternity, Clinical (operations) ; children s hospitals Enfants Malades, Trousseau, Berck-sur-Mer, La Roche-Guon ; hospices Bicetre (old men), La Salpetriere (old women), Ivry (incurables); maisons de rctraite Issy, La Roche foucauld, Ste Perine ; fondations Boulard St Michel, Brezin at Garches (for ironworkers), Devillas, Chardon Lagache, Lenoir- Jousscran ; and asylums for the insane Bicetre (men), Salpetriere (women). The following table (V.) gives details regarding these institutions in 1882: Xo. of Patirnts, 1st January 1882. Kctered during the Year. Left during the Year. Deaths. Remaining on 31st December. Xo. of Patient Days. Mean Length of Term. Mortality." General hospitals 6 097 79,106 67,375 11,339 6,489 2,932,302 29-28 6-94 Special hospitals 1,532 21,794 20,974 781 1,571 775,542 2570 27-85 Children s hospitals ... . 1,536 9,454 7,726 1,721 1,543 736,763 62-19 5-47 Maison de Sante 210 3,140 2,644 541 165 122,186 25-60 5 88 Temporary service of the hospices... 113 872 COS 140 242 61,709 Grand total for the hospitals 9,488 114,366 99,322 14,522 10,010 4,628,502 31-24 7-86 Hospices, retraites, and fondations.. Hospitals for Insane Bicetre (men).. . ... 8782 652 6,811 426 4,979 308 1,413 105 9,201 665 3,561,342 293,016 7-29 10-18 Salpetriere (women) 711 266 205 64 708 330,525 15-14 Several of the hospitals are of recent construction Hdtel-Dieu, Tenon, Lariboisiere. The Hotel-Dieu was rebuilt in La Cite at an outlay of 1,800,000, or 4000 per bed; the arrangements for practical education are excellent, and secure the institution a world-wide reputation. La Salpetriere (oldest of all the hospital buildings) is remarkable for its extent, occupying 74 acres, with 45 large blocks lighted by 4682 windows. The benefits of the hospitals or hospices are generally given gratu itously, but a certain number of patients pay their expenses, and in 1880 the funds of the department were in this way augmented by 89,262. In connexion with these establishments are a bakery, a slaughter-house, a wine cellar, a central drug-store, a purveyor for purchasing provisions in the open market, a central depot for bed ding, linen, clothing, furniture, and utensils; and a certain number of articles arc retailed to other departments or private institu tions. Foundlings and orphans are sent to the Hospice des Enfants Assistes, which also receives children whose parents are patients in the hospitals or undergoing imprisonment. In 1882 the hospice received 9620 children ; the inmates from the preceding year num bered 274. Of these children 2549 were restored to their parents, 2814 were boarded out in the country, 561 died, and 2594 were 1 The internes and externes arc two grades of medical students the inter nes the higher of the two and limited in number. Many doctors of medicine have not passed the internal. 2 The mortality is here stated for the mean number present on the 1st of January and admitted during the year, one death for C-94, <tc., of this mean number. The larger the number In the table the less, of course, is the mortality.