Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/366

P A S P A S sacrifices of Deuteronomy and from the ancient firstlings. In Deuteronomy, for example, the sacrifices may be either from the flock or from the herd, and are boiled, not roasted (A.V. in Dent. xvi. 7 mistranslates) ; the paschal lamb is necessarily roasted, and the only traces of sacrificial character that remain to it are the sprinkling of the blood on the lintel and door-posts, 1 and the burning of what is not eaten of it. After the restoration the passover seems to have retained its domestic character, for, though the feast at the sanctuary was renewed, its public features now con sisted of a series of holocausts and sin-offerings continued for seven days (Num. xxix. 16 sq.). The feast is now exactly dated. 2 The paschal lamb is chosen on the tenth day of the first month (Abib or Nisan) and slain on the even ing of the fourteenth. Next day that is, the fifteenth is now the first day of the feast proper (a change from the Deuteronomic ordinance naturally flowing from the fact that the properly paschal ceremony is now not festal but domestic), so that the seven days end with the twenty first and close with a " holy assembly at Jerusalem The old ceremony of presenting the first sheaf had been fixed, in Lev. xxiii. 11, for the "morrow after the Sabbath." This naturally means that the solemn opening of harvest was to take place on a Sunday. But when the feast was fixed to set days of the month the " Sabbath " was taken to mean the first day of the feast or of unleavened bread (Nisan 15), and the sheaf was presented on the sixteenth. 3 As the feast was now again a great pilgrimage occasion, there was a natural tendency to restore to the paschal lamb a more strictly sacrificial character. This tendency does not appear as yet in the Pentateuch, where the latest provisions are those put in historical form in Exod. xii. ; but in 2 Chron. xxxv., which must be taken as describing the practice of the author s own time, the paschal lamb is slain before the temple, the blood is sprinkled and the fat burned (? verse 14) on the altar; and at the same time we fiod the Deuteronomic paschal sacrifices existing side by side with the paschal lamb of the later law as subsidiary sacrifices. The later Jewish usage followed this practice ; the Deuteronomic sacrifices in their new subsidiary form constituted the so-called hayigtt. The pre-eminent import ance which the passover (with the feast of unleavened bread) acquired after the exile, from the fact that its rites, like those of the Sabbath and of circumcision, could be in great part adapted to the circumstances of the dispersion, was still further increased by the fall of the second temple, and the ritual of the Mishna (Pesahim) was supplemented by the later paschal Haggada. The lamb, however, not being slain at the temple, is not in later praxis regarded as strictly the paschal lamb of the law. Some of the post- P>iblical features are of interest in connexion with the New Testament, and especially with the last supper. The company for a single lamb varied from ten to twenty ; the bitter herbs and unleavened cakes were dipped in a kind of sweet sauce called har6seth ; and the meal was accom panied by the circulation of four cups of wine and by songs of praise, particularly the Hallel (Ps. cxiii.-cxviii.). The history of the passover is one of the most complicated sub jects in Hebrew- archreology, and has been a great battlefield of Pentateuch criticism. The present article should therefore be read with the article PENTATEUCH. The older books on Hebrew archeology are of little use, except for the later Jewish practice ; 1 The sprinkling of blood on a tent in order to put it under divine protection appears also among the Arabs; Wakidi, ed. Kremer, p. 28. 2 In everything that has to do with sacrifice a day means the day time with the following night; in other words, the feast days do not begin in the evening. Compare Reland, Ant. Heb., iv. 15. 8 This exegesis and practice are as old as the LXX. version of Leviticus. The passage of Leviticus has given rise to much contro versy ; see the commentaries and Lightfoot s Horse on Luke vi. 1, Acts ii. 1. on this full details will be found iu Bartolocci s Bibliotlicca Rabbinic.il, or in Bodenschatz s KirMichc Verfassung dcr Juden. The liiblical data can only be understood in connexion with a criti cal view of the Pentateuch, and liave been discussed in this con nexion by Kuenen (Godsdicnst), "NVellhauscn (Prolegomena), and Others. The present position of those who oppose the Grafiau hypothesis may be gathered from Delitzsch s art. " Passali " in Kichm s Hanaworterlucb, and from Dillmann s commentary on Exodus and Leviticus. Hupfeld, De vera ct primitiva Festorum . . . rationc, 1852-65, and EwahTs Antiquities, may also be con sulted. (W. 11. S.) PASSPORT. A passport or safe conduct in time of war is a document granted by a belligerent power to protect persons and property from the operation of hostilities. In the case of the ship of a neutral power, the passport is a requisition by the Government of the neutral state to suffer the vessel to pass freely with her crew, cargo, passengers, etc., without molestation by the belligerents. The requisi tion, when issued by the civil authorities of the port from which the vessel is fitted out, is called a sea-letter. But the terms passport and sea-letter are often used indis criminately. A form of sea-letter (liters salvi conduclus) is appended to the treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. The passport is frequently mentioned in treaties, e.g., the treaty of Copenhagen, 1670, between Great Britain and Denmark. The violation of a passport, or safe conduct, is a grave breach of international law. The offence in the United States is punishable by fine and imprisonment where the passport or safe conduct is granted under the authority of the United States (Act of Congress, April 30, 1790). In time of peace a passport is still necessary for foreigners travelling in certain countries, and is always useful, even Avhen not necessary, as a ready means of proving identity. It is usually granted by the foreign office of a state, or by its diplomatic agents abroad. Passports granted in England are subject to a stamp duty of sixpence. They may be granted to naturalized as well as natural- born British subjects. Sweden was the first country to abolish passports in time of peace, and Russia is one of the last to retain them. They are demandable from foreigners in England on their arrival from abroad by 6 ct 7 Will. IV. c. 11, 3; but this provision is not enforced in practice. PASTE, or STRASS. See GLASS, vol. x. p. 665. PASTON LETTERS. This invaluable collection of documents consists of the correspondence of the principal members of the Paston family in Norfolk between the years 1424 and 1506, including several state papers and other documents accidentally in their possession. The papers appear to have been sold by William Paston, second earl of Yarmouth, the last representative of the family, to the antiquary Le Neve early in the 18th century. After Le Neve s death in 1729 they came into the hands of Mr Thomas Martin of Palgrave, who had married his widow, and upon Martin s death in or about 1771 were purchased by Worth, a chemist at Diss, from whose executors they were subsequently bought by Mr (afterwards Sir) John Fenn. In 1787 Fenn published two volumes of selections from the MSS., whose extreme value was at once recognized by Horace Walpole and other competent judges. In acknowledgment of his services Fenn received the honour of knighthood, and on this occasion, May 23, 1787, presented to the king three bound volumes of MSS. containing the originals of the documents printed by him. Most unfortunately these volumes have disappeared, and the originals of two more subsequently published by Sir John Fenn, and of a fifth edited after his death by Mr Serjeant Frere, were also lost until very re cently. Under these circumstances it is not surprising i that doubts should have been raised as to the authenticity of the papers. Their genuineness was impugned by Mr Herman Merivale in No. 8 of the Fortnightly Ravieiv, but