Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/430

P A T P A T PATIALA, one of the cis-Sutlej states, Punjab, India, lying between 29 23 15" and 30 54 X. lat., and be tween 74 40 30" and 76 59 15" E. long., has an area of 5887 square miles, and a population (1881) of 1,467,433. The estimated gross revenue is 471,624. The larger portion of the state is situated in the plain south of the Sutlej, while the other is hill country stretching up to Simla, which formerly belonged to Pati.Ua. The usual cereals form the principal agricultural products. The ruling family are Sikhs of the Sidhu Jat tribe. PATMOS (now pronounced by the natives "Patino"), an island in the east of the yEgean Sea, one of the group of the Sporades, about 28 miles south-south-west of Samos. It lies in 37 20 N. lat and 26 35 E. long. Its greatest length from north to south is about 10 miles, its greatest breadth 6, its circumference, owing to the winding nature of the coast, about 37. The island, which is volcanic, is bare and rocky throughout ; the hills, of which the highest rises to about 950 feet, command magnificent views of the neighbouring sea and islands. The Avoods which once covered the island have disappeared ; of the palms, from which it formerly received its Italian name of Palmessa, not more than one is left. Some poor olive trees and a few specimens of the mulberry, the fig, the orange, the lemon, the carob, the cypress, the oak, and the pine here and there refresh by their verdure an eye wearied by the prospect of barren mountains, only relieved in places by scrubby bushes or clumps of thyme. The skill of the natives as seamen is proverbial in the archipelago. The deeply-indented coast, here falling in huge cliffs sheer into the sea, there retiring to form a beach and a harbour, is favourable to commerce, as in former times it was to piracy. Of the numerous bays and harbours the chief is that of La Scala, which, running far into the land on the eastern side, divides the island into two nearly equal portions, a northern and a southern. A narrow isthmus separates La Scala from the Bay of Merika on the west coast. On the belt of land between the two bays, at the junction between the northern and southern half of the island, stood the ancient town. To judge from its traces, it may have contained 12,000 to 13,000 inhabitants. On the hill above are still to be seen the massive remains of the citadel, built partly in the polygonal style known as Cyclopean. The modern town stands on a hill-top in the southern half of the island. A steep paved road leads to it in about twenty minutes from the port of La Scala. The town clusters at the foot of the monastery of St John, which, crowning the hill with its towers and battlements, resembles a fortress rather than a monastery. Of the 600 MSS. once possessed by the library of the monastery only 240 are left, badly preserved, and none of them of value. The houses of the town are better built than those of the neighbouring islands, but the streets are narrow and wind ing. The population is about 4000. The port of La Scala contains about 140 houses, besides some old well- built magazines and some potteries. Scattered over the island are about 300 chapels. Patmos is mentioned first by Thuoydides (iii. 33) and afterwards by Strabo and Pliny. From an inscription it lias been inferred that the name was originally Patnos. There are some grounds for the conjecture that the island was first colonized by Carians. Another ancient inscription sf-ems to show that the lonians also settled there at an early date. The chief, indeed the only, title of the island to fame is that it was the place of banishment of St John the Evan gelist, who according to Jerome (Dc Scr. III., c. 9) and others, was exiled thither under Domitian in 95 A.r>. , and released about eighteen months afterwards under Nerva. Here he is said to have written the Apocalypse ; to the left of the road from La Scala to the town, about half-way up the hill, a grotto is still shown (rb <nrrjaiov TTJJ A7ro/tai i/<ews) in wnich the apostle is said to have received the heavenly vision. It is reached through a small chapel dedicated to St Anne. In the library of the monastery there is a Greek MS. containing a curious history of St John, purporting to be by Pro- chorus, one of his disciples but apparently composed in the 4th century. It narrates the miracles wrought by the apostle during his stay on the island, but, strangely enough, while describing how the Gospel was revealed to him in Patmos, it does not so much as mention the Apocalypse. During the Dark Ages Patmos seems to have been entirely deserted, probably on account of the pirates. In 1088 the emperor Alexis Comnenus, by a golden bull, which is still preserved, granted the island to St Christodulus for the pur pose of founding a monastery. This was the origin of the monastery of St John, which now owns the greater part of the southern half of Patmos, as well as farms in Crete, Samos, and other neighbouring islands. The embalmed body of the saintly founder is to be seen to this day in a side chapel of the church. The number of the monks, which amounted to over a hundred at the beginning of last century, is now much reduced. The abbot (i)yov/j.evos) has the rank of a bishop, and is subject only to the patriarch of Constantinople. There is a school in connexion with the monastery which formerly enjoyed a high reputation in the Levant. The lay population was originally confined by St Christodulus to the northern part of the island, but at the beginning of the 13th century the people received permission to build their houses near the monastery for protection against the pirates. Hence arose the modern town. It was recruited by refugees from Constantinople in 1453, and from Crete in 1669, when these places fell into the hands of the Turks. The trade of the island seems to have been considerable. It was in intercourse with Genoa and Venice that the port received its modern name of La Scala ; its ancient name seems to have been Phora. The island is subject to Turkey ; the governor is the pasha of Rhodes. The population is Greek. The women, who are handsome, are chiefly engaged in knitting cotton stockings, which, along with some pot tery, form the chief exports of the island. See Tournefort, Relation cl un Voyage du Levant, Lyons, 1717; Wai pole, Memoirs (relating to Turkey), London, 1820 ; Ross, Reisen auf den griechischf-n Inseln, Stuttgart and Halle, 1840-02 ; and especially Guerin, Description ile Vile de Patmos, Paris, 1856. PATXA, a district in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, and in the division or commissionership of Patna, 1 lying between 24 58 and 25 42 N. lat., and between 84 44 and 86 5 E. long., is bounded on the N. by the river Ganges, which separates it from Saran, Muzaffarpur, and Darbhangah, on the E. by Monghyr, on the S. by Gaya, and on the W. by the Son, which separates it from Shahabad. Patna district, with an area (1881) of 2079 square miles, is, throughout the greater part of its extent, a level plain ; but towards the south the ground rises into hills. The soil is for the most part alluvial, and the country along the bank of the Ganges is peculiarly fertile. The general line of drainage is from west to east ; and high ground along the south of the Ganges forces back the rivers flowing from the district of Gaya. The result is that, during the rains, nearly the whole interior of the district south of a line drawn parallel to the Ganges, and 4 or 5 miles from its bank, is flooded. There are no forests or jungles of any extent, but fine groups of trees are found in many places. In the south-east arc the Ilajagrlha Hills, consisting of two parallel ridges running south-west, with a narrow valley between, intersected by ravines and passes. These hills, which seldom exceed 1 000 feet in height, are rocky and clothed with thick low jungle, and contain some of the earliest memorials of Indian Buddh ism. Hot springs are common on the Piajagriha Hills. The chief rivers are the Ganges and the Son. The total length of the former along the boundary of Patna is 93 miles. The Son first touches the district near Mahiballpur village, and flows in a northerly direction for 41 miles, till it joins the Ganges. The only other river of any con sequence is the Punpun, which is chiefly remarkable for the number of petty irrigation canals which it supplies. So much of the river is thus diverted that only a small portion of its water ever reaches the Ganges at Fatwa. Great changes have from time to time taken place in the course of the Ganges, and the point at which the Son 1 The division of Patna lies between 24 17 15" and 27 29 45" N. lat., and between 83 23 and 86 46 E. long., and comprises the districts of Patna, Gaya, Shahabad, Darbhangah, Muzaffarpur, Saran, and Champaran. The area (1881) was 23,647 square miles, and the population 15,063,944, viz., Hindus 13,327,728, Mohammedans 1,730,093, Christians 5875, and "others" 248.