Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/436

414 P A T P A U occurs only once in the singular in the pages of Cicero ; and by adi ocati was generally understood at that time the body of friends who stood by a litigant in a great cause to give him in any shape their countenance and support. The orator who then appeared in the comitia or before a judge was almost invariably called patron, though the name of client was not so commonly given to the litigant he represented. But at a later period, when the bar had become a profession, and the qualifications, admission, numbers, and fees of counsel had become a matter of state regulation, advocati was the word usually employed to designate the pleaders as a class of professional men, each individual advocate, however, being still spoken of as patron in reference to the litigant with whose interest he was entrusted. It is in this limited connexion that patron and client come under our notice in the latest monuments of Roman law. Literature. On the clientage of early Rome, see Mommsen, " Die RomischeClientel," Rom. Forschungcn, vol. i. p. 355 (Berlin, 1864) ; Voigt, " Ueber die Clientel uml Libertinitat, " in Bcr. d. phil. histor. Classc d. Konigl. Sachs. Gcscllsch. d. JFissenschaftcn (1878, pp. 147- 219) ; Marquardt, Privatleben d. Homer, pp. 196-200 (Leipsic, 1879) ; Voigt, Die XII. Tafdn, vol. ii. pp. 667-679 (Leipsic, 18S3). Earlier literature is noted in Willems, Le Droit Public Eomain, 4th ed., p. 26 (Louvain, 1880). On the clientage of -the early empire, see Becker, Gallus, vol. ii., Excursus 4 ; Friedlander, Sittcn- Gcschichte Horns, vol. i. pp. 207-219 (Leipsic, 1862) ; Marquardt, op. cit., pp. 200-208. On the latest clientage, see Grellet-Dumazeau, Le Barrcau Romain (Paris, 1851). (J. M*.) PATTESON, JOHN COLERIDGE (1827-1871), bishop of Melanesia, was the eldest son of Justice Patteson and Frances Duke Coleridge, a near relation of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and was born in Gower Street, Bedford Square, 2d April 1827. He was educated at Ottery St Mary, and at Eton, where he greatly distinguished himself on the cricket-field. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, in 1845, and graduated B.A. in 1848. After spending some time on the Continent in the capacity of tutor, he in 1852 be came a fellow of Merton College. In 1853 he became curate of Alfington, Devon, and in the following year he was ordained priest and joined the mission to the Mela- nesian islands in the South Pacific. There he laboured with great success, visiting the different islands of the group in the mission ship the " Southern Cross," and by his good sense and unselfish devotion winning the esteem and affection of the natives. In 1861 he was consecrated bishop of Melanesia, and in this capacity did much to promote the Christianization of the islands until his premature death by the hand of a native, 20th September 1871. See Life by Charlotte M. Yonge, which first ap peared in 1873, and has gone through several editions. PAU, a city of France, formerly the capital of Beam, and now the chief town of the de- partment of Basses Pyrenees, and the seat of a court of appeal, is situated in 43 17 N. lat. and 23 W. long., on the edge of a plateau 130 feet above the right bank of the Gave de Pau (a left-hand affluent of the Adour), at a height of about 620 feet above the sea. It thus enjoys an admirable view of the Pyrenees, which rise about 25 miles to the south. A small stream, the Hedas, flowing in a deep ravine and crossed by several bridges, divides the city into two parts. The older and larger is enclosed between the Hedas, the Gave, and its other tributary the Ousse, and ends with the castle in the west, while the new districts stretch northward in the direction of the landes of Pont-long. The modern importance of Pau is due to its climate, which makes it a great winter health- resort. The most striking characteristic is the stillness of the air, resulting from the peculiarly sheltered situation. The town is built on a sandy soil, and the line of the streets running east and west is favourable to ventilation. The average rainfall is about 40 inches, and the mean winter temperature is 44, the mean for the year being 62 D . Apart from an export flour-trade and some manufactures of chocolate and Beam linen, the inhabitants of Pau depend entirely on their four thousand winter -visitors. Place Royale (in the centre of which, instead of the older statue of Louis XIV., now stands Raggi s statue of Henry IV., with bas-reliefs by Etex) is admired for the view which it affords over the valley of the Gave and the Pyrenees ; it is con nected by a fine boulevard with the castle gardens. Be yond the castle a park of thirty acres planted with beech trees stretches along the high bank of the Gave. The castle is bounded on the north and west by the Hedas, on the south by a canal drawn from the Gave, and on the east by a moat 30 feet deep ; access is obtained by three bridges, that across the Hedas being of ancient construction. The castle is flanked by six square towers : south-east is that of Gaston Phoebus (113 feet high); north-east is the tower of Montauset or Montoiseau, so called because reached by removable ladders ; east, the new tower ; north-west, that of Billeres ; and on the west are those of Mazeres. Another to the south is named after the mint in which Calvin used to preach. In the gardens to the west of the castle stand a statue of Gaston Phoebus by Triquety and two porphyry vases presented by Bernadotte king of Sweden, Avho was born at Pau. In the castle court is a well 223 feet deep, with 100 feet of water; but it has been closed since 1855 On the ground-floor is the old hall of the estates of Beam, 85 feet long and 36 feet wide, adorned with a white marble statue of Henry IV., and magnificent Flemish tapestries ordered by Francis I. Several of the upper chambers are adorned with Flemish, Brussels, or Gobelin tapestry, with tables in Swedish porphyry, Sevres vases, fine coffers (notably a Gothic coffer from Jerusalem), arm-chairs of the 16th century, Venetian and St Gobain glass, etc. ; but the Plan of Pau. most interesting room is that in which Henry IV. was born, still containing his mother s bed (from the castle of