Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/461

P A V P A X 439 secular edifices in Pavia the most noteworthy is the palace or castle of the Visconti, begun in 1360 for Galeazzo II. It is a vast quadrangle, presenting to the outside heavy fronts of massive masonry, but in the 15th and 16th centuries it was as remarkable for sumptuousness as for strength. Originally there was a square tower at each corner ; two were destroyed by the French artillery in 1527. 1 The university of Pavia (formally constituted in 1361 by the emperor Charles IV., but claiming to have its first origin in a school founded by Charlemagne) has faculties of law, medicine, and science. The professors number between forty and fifty, but the students have de creased from 1475 in 1860 to 604 in 1881-82. Among its subsidiary establishments are two colleges the Borromeo and the Ghislieri founded respectively by Archbishop Borromeo (1563) and Pope Pius V. (1569) for the gratu itous maintenance of a certain number of poor students ; a museum of natural history, instituted in 1772 under Spallanzanij a botanical garden, commenced in 1774; an agricultural garden, bestowed on the university by Napo leon in 1806 ; and the oldest anatomical cabinet in Italy. The university library was founded by Maria Theresa in 1754 ; the famous collection of books which Gian Galeazzo brought together by the aid of Petrarch was carried off to Blois by the French in 1500. The civil hospital of San Matteo is a large and flourishing institution, dating from 1449; like the Borromeo and Ghislieri colleges, it has large landed estates in the circondario. Comparatively few manufactures are prosecuted in Pavia, but there is considerable trade by water as well as by rail, barges being able to pass down the Po to the Adriatic and along the canal to Milan. The population of the city was 27,885 in 1871 and 27,792 in 1881, or, including the suburbs Ticino, Calvenzano, and Borcjorato, 29,836 ; that of the commune was 29,618 in 1871 and 29,941 in 1881. History. Ticinum it was not till the close of the 7th century that the city was called Papia or Pavia -was a place of some import ance under the Roman empire, having, according to Pliny, been founded by two Gallic tribes at the time of the first Gallic immigra tion into Italy. It was at Ticinum that Augustus met the funeral procession of Drusus ; and Claudius II. was first saluted emperor by the garrison in the city. Ravaged by Attila in 452 and by Odoacer in 476, Ticinum was, after 489, raised to much more than its former position by Theodoric the Goth, who restored its fortifi cations and made it the seat of a royal palace. From Theodoric s successors it was recovered for the Eastern empire by Narses ; but the imperial garrison, after a siege of more than three years, was obliged by famine to surrender to the Lombards in 573, and Ticinum - Pavia became, as the capital of the Lombard kingdom, one of the leading cities of Italy. By the conquest of Pavia and the capture of Desiderius in 774 Charlemagne completely destroyed the Lom bard supremacy ; but the city continued to be the centre of the Carolingian power in Italy, and a royal residence was built in the neighbourhood (Corteolona on the Olona). It was in San Michele Maggiore in Pavia that Berengar of Friuli and his quasi-regal successors down to Berengar II. and Adalbert II. were crowned " kings of Italy." Under the reign of the first the city was sacked and burned by the Hungarians, and the bishop was among those who perished in the flames. At Pavia was celebrated in 951 the marriage of Otto I. and Adelheid (Adelaide), which exercised so important an influence on the relations of the empire and Italy ; but, when the succession to the crown of Italy came to be dis puted between the emperor Henry II. and Harduin of Ivrea, the city sided strongly with the latter. Laid in ruins by Henry, who was attacked by the citizens on the night after his coronation in 1004, it was none the less ready to close its gates on Conrad the Salic in 1026. The jealousy which had meanwhile been growing up between Pavia and Milan having in 1056 broken out into open war, Pavia in the long run had recourse to the hated emperors to aid her against her now more hated rival ; and for the most part The Carthusians were expelled in 1782, and, after being held for a time by Cistercians (1784) and Carmelites (1798), the monastery was closed in 1810 ; but it was restored to the Carthusians in 1843, and was exempted from confiscation in 1866. The lead was all stripped from the roof in 1797 by order of the French Directory ; but the building as a whole is still in excellent preservation. 1 See Professor Magenta s monograph, / Visconti e cjli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia, Milan, 1884, 2 vols., folio. she remained, through all the broils and revolutions of the time, attached to the Ghibelline party till the latter part of the 14th century. From 1360, when Galeazzo was appointed imperial vicar by Charles IV., Pavia became practically a possession of the Yisconti family, and in due course formed part of the duchy of Milan. For the success which attended its insurrection against the French garrison in 1499 it paid a terrible penalty in 1500, being both given over to pillage and forced to furnish a contribution of 50,000 gold crowns. Having been strongly fortified by Charles V., the city was in 1525 able to bid defiance to Francis I., who was so disastrously beaten in the vicinity ; but two years later the French under Lautrec subjected it to a sack of seven days. In 1655 Prince Thomas of Savoy invested Pavia with an army of 20,000 French men, but had to withdraw after fifty-two days siege. Durinf the 18th century the city had its full share of the wars. The Austrians under Prince Eugene occupied it in 1706, the French in 1733, and the French and Spaniards in 1745 ; and the Austrians were again iii possession from 1746 till 1796. In May of that year it was seized for the French republic by Napoleon, who, to punish it for an insurrection, condemned it to three hours pillage. The revolu tionary movement of February 1848 was crushed by the Austrians and the university was closed ; and, though the Sardinian forces obtained possession in March, the Austrians soon recovered their ground. It was not till 1859 that Pavia passed with the rest of Lombardy to the Sardinian crown. At several periods Pavia has been the centre of great intellectual activity. It was in a tower which, previous to 1584, stood near the church of Dell Annunziata that Boetius wrote his De Consolatione Philosophise, ; the legal school of Pavia was rendered celebrated in the llth century by Lanfranc (afterwards archbishop of Canter bury) ; Christopher Columbus studied at the university about 1447 ; and printing was introduced in 1471. Two of the bishops of Pavia have been raised to the papal throne as John XIV. and Julius III. Lanfranc, Pope John XIV., Porta the anatomist, and Cremona the mathematician were born in the city. See Breventano, Istoria di Pavia, 1570 ; Marroni, De ecclesia et episcojris papiensibus commentarius, 1757 ; Capsoni, Mem. star, di Pavia, 1782 ; Carpa- nelli, Compendia istorico delle cose pavesi, 1817 ; and various monographs by the local antiquarians Magenta and Dell Acqua. PAVLOGRAD, a town of European Russia, at the head of a district in the government of Ekaterinoslaff, on the river Voltch ya, 13 miles from its junction with the Samara (a tributary of the Dnieper), and a short distance to the left of the railway from Kharkoff to Sebastopol. It dates from the latter half of the 1 8th century, and was originally known as Luganskoe Selo. It was made a district town of Ekaterinoslaff in 1784. Its population increased from 8653 in 1865 to 11,400 in 1870; and it is the seat of three annual fairs, and has a large trade in cattle. PAWNBROKING. See PLEDGE; also USURY AND USURY LAWS. PAWTUCKET, a town of the United States, in Provid ence county, Rhode Island, 4 miles north-east of Providence by the Providence and Worcester Railroad, is situated on both sides of the navigable Pawtucket river (Blackstone river above the falls), which falls about 50 feet at this point, affording abundant water-power. At Pawtucket in 1790 Samuel Slater erected the first water-power cotton-factory in America. In the early part of the present century Paw tucket was the seat of shipbuilding and of considerable ommerce. It is now a place with nearly 100 different industries, including the Conart Thread Works (employ ing over 2000 hands), large manufactories of cotton and woollen cloths, steam-engines, fire-engines, <tc. The exports and imports amount to several million dollars annually. In 1862 Pawtucket, originally belonging to Massachusetts, became part of Rhode Island. The population in 1880 was 19,030, and in 1884 (estimated) about 23,000. PAXO, or PAXOS, one of the IONIAN ISLANDS (q.v.), about 8 miles south of the southern extremity of Corfu, is a hilly mass of limestone 5 miles long by 2 broad, and not more than 600 feet high. Though it has only a single stream and a few springs, and the inhabitants were often obliged, before the Russians and English provided them with cisterns, to bring water from the mainland, Paxo is well clothed with olives, which produce oil of the very highest quality. Gaion (or, less correctly, Gaia), the prin- ipal village, lies on the east coast, and has a small liar-