Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/504

482 PEMBROKE flowers, fruits, and vegetables are earlier than in most other districts of the United Kingdom. Towards the north, especially on the higher ground, it is much colder, and dani}> fogs and rain are frequent. The most common soil is a dark-grey loam, which is much improved by admixture with lime and sand. The sandstone and limestone forma tion in the south produces an excellent quick soil, admir ably adapted for horticulture, which is generally pursued in this district. In the more northerly and higher regions more attention is given to cattle-rearing and dairy-farming than to the raising of crops or sheep -farming. The farm houses and buildings, which formerly were rude and primi tive in construction, with low mud-walls, are now generally built of stone on improved methods. The cottages of the peasants are, however, still for the most part uncom fortable huts built of a clay and straw compound called " clom." Great improvements have lately taken place in farming, owing in great part to the enlightened encourage ment of the landlords. From 5935 in 1875 the number of holdings had increased to 5999 in 1880 (the latest return). Nearly four-fifths, 4222, were not above 50 acres each in extent, 837 were between 50 and 100 acres, 853 between 100 and 300, and only 87 above 300 acres. In 1883 there were 305,644 acres, or about 77 per cent, of the total area, under tillage, corn crops occupying 55,011 acres, green crops 13,266, rotation grasses 28,409, permanent pasture 206,052, and fallow 2906. The principal cereals are barley occupying 24,799 acres and oats (of which -the black species occupy a large area) 25,494 acres, wheat occupying only 4604 acres. Potatoes were grown on 3042 acres, turnips and swedes on 8038, and mangolds on 1322. Horses in 1883 numbered 14,383 (of which 8665 were used solely for purposes of agriculture), cattle 83,436 (of which 31,779 were cows and heifers in milk or in calf), sheep 91,901, and pigs 27,623. The principal breed of cattle are the native Castlemartins, black in colour, and well suited to the climate and the system of farm ing, as they both fatten readily and yield large supplies of milk. Herefords and Alderneys ha/e lately been introduced on many farms, but the old breed is still the favourite. According to the latest return the land was divided among 3121 owners, possessing 356,699 acres, at an annual valuation of 389,701, or about 1 Is. lOd. per acre. The estimated amount of common or waste land was 11,260 acres. Of the owners, 1492, or about 44 per cent., possessed less than one acre each. The following owned over 5000 acres each, viz., C. E. G. Phillips, 18,729 acres; earl of Cawdor, 17,736 ; Sir Owen Scourfield, Hart., 11,243 ; Lord Kensington, 6537; bishop of St David s, 5651; George Harries, 5173 ; and M. A. Sawin, 5168. Manufactures. Flannels are woven in various towns, and are the principal textile manufacture of the county ; there are also rope and sail works, and hat-making is practised. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in coal-mining and in fishing. At Pater there is a very extensive dockyard, and shipbuilding is carried on at several other ports. Since the opening up of railway communi cation the shipping trade, and the mining and other industries, have made extensive progress, but the railway connexion is still somewhat imperfect. Administration and Population. The county includes seven hundreds ; the municipal boroughs of Haverfordwest (6398), Pem broke (14,156), and Tenby (4750), and part (2058) of the municipal borough of Cardigan, the remainder of which is in Cardiganshire. In addition to Haverfordwest, Pembroke, and Tenby, there are four other market towns, Fishguard (2009), Milford (3812), Nar- berth (2334), and Newport (1504). The county is divided into three poor-law unions Haverfordwest, Pembroke, and Narberth. It is included in the south-western circuit. It has one court of quarter-sessions, and is divided into seven petty and special sessional divisions. One member is returned to parliament for the county, one for the Haverfordwest district of boroughs, consisting of Fish- guard, Haverfordwest, and Narberth, and one for the Pembroke district of boroughs, consisting of Milford, Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston. Pembrokeshire contains 153 civil parishes, with part of one other. It constitutes the archdeaconry of St David s in the diocese of the same name, and forms part of the province of Canterbury. From 56,280 in 1801 the population had increased in 1821 to 74,009, in 1851 to 94,140, but in 1871 it had diminished to 91,998, and in 1881 to 91,824, of whom 43,449 were males and 48,375 females. The number of inhabited houses in 1881 was 19,462, the average number of persons to an acre 23, and of acres to a person 4 26. History, <Lc. Although the limestone caves of Pembrokeshire abound with relics of the Pleistocene fauna, no traces have as yet been discovered of Palaeolithic man. Neolithic remains are plenti ful. In caves, clitf-castles, bogs, kitchen-middens, &c., implements of the polished stone age are frequently found, but, strange to say, the long barrows typical of this period are wanting ; dolmens or cromlechs, however, are very common : the ordnance map gives eighteen, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. Llech-y- Drybedd near Nevern, Pentre Evan near Newport, another one in the same town, Longhouse near Mathry, Tre Llys on Pencair, are magnificent specimens of Megalithic work. Stone circles, cairns, monoliths, and earthworks abound in the county ; what proportion of these are attributable to the dolichocephalic non-Aryan Silures who used stone implements it is impossible to say. The Goidel or Gaelic branch of the Celtic family has the credit of having introduced bronze and round tumuli with cremated bodies ; of these latter there are a great number in Pembrokeshire, and considerable quantities of bronze implements have been dis covered. A mixture of Silures and Goidels seem to have held the country until they were conquered by the Romans about the year 70 A.D. Roman remains are but scantily represented in Pembrokeshire. Via Julia terminated at St David s, but no traces of the peculiar Roman roadmaking exist. Fenton, the county historian, fancied he discovered the station Ad Viycsimum of the spurious Itinerary of Antonine at Ambleston, and there can be no doubt that a large Roman building of some sort did exist at that place. The late Professor Rollcston and Mr E. Laws discovered Samian ware in the cave of Longbury near Tenby, and Roman coins, ranging from Vespasian, 78 A. i>. , to Constantino II., 340 A.D. , have been found very plentifully in the county. "NVlieu the Saxons pressed the Cymric tribe of Brythonic Celts in Cumbria, the latter appear to have migrated into Wales, and to have conquered the inhabitants ; the Pembrokeshire Goidels seem to have held out for some time. During this troubled period there was a great incursion of missionaries, both Goidel and C3 r mric ; to these we owe the nomenclature of many villages. To this period must be attributed the sepulchral inscriptions in that strange char acter which has been called Ogam. Of these so many are to be found in Pembrokeshire that it has been considered probable they were invented in the district. They are usually in base Latin ; good specimens are to be seen on Caldy Island, St Dogmel s, Cwingloyne near Nevern, and Treffgarne near Haverfordwest. Most of the crosses must be attributed to this period, though probably the inscribed ones at Carew and Nevern are of later date. After Wales had been completely conquered by the Cymry, Rhodri Mawr divided it among his sons, and Pembrokeshire fell to Cadell in 877. From that period until its complete incorpora tion with England it suffered terribly from the family feuds of the AVelsh princes. The Scandinavians also proved a fearful scourge. Their first incursion, according to the Brut-y-Tywysogion, took place in 795. The creeks of Pembrokeshire were peculiarly adapted to the wants of the vikings, and they seem to have formed a strong colony in the county, of which such names as Asgard, Fishguard, Grafsholm, Freystrop, Goodwich, Milford Haven (Mid- fjord Havn), Haverfordwest (Havards Fjord), &c., are an abiding evidence. During the reign of William Rufus, Arnulph de Montgomery, sou of Roger de Belesme, invaded the southern portion of the county with the king s sanction ; he gained a district and built Pembroke Castle ; Manorbier was most likely erected at the same time. In 1107 a colony of Flemings was sent into Pembrokeshire by the king (Henry I.); they settled at Haverford and Tenby. A second party of Flemings and other adventurers was despatched to Pembroke by Henry II. ; these were mercenaries who had served in the civil war between Stephen and Maud. In April 1170 a party of Pembrokeshire men invaded and overran the eastern shores of Ireland. In 1405 Owen Glendower harried the country ; he occupied Tenby with 10,000 Welshmen, and was joined by a French force of 12,000 men who had landed in Milford Haven. In 1456 Henry VII. was born in Pembroke Castle, the residence of his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. After a long exile he landed at Brunt near Dale with French troops ; here he was joined by Sir Rhys ap Thomas at the head of a large number of Welshmen, with whom he marched to Bosworth field. When the church property was disposed of under Henry VIII., Lamphey Court, once a bishop s seat, fell to the Devereux family, and it was the residence of the three Devereux carls of Essex. These noblemen were extremely popular, and it was most likely in consequence of the political views held by Robert the third earl that when the civil war broke out Pembrokeshire was found to be "the most seditious county in all Wales, or rather of England, for the inhabitants were like English corporations, unlike loyal Welshmen " (Mcrcurius Aulicus, 29th week, 2()th July 1644). Pembroke and Tenby held out until 1648, ^when the Presbyterians rebelled against the Independents ; then under Mayor and Colonel Poyer the royal standard was hoisted on Pembroke keep. Cromwell himself besieged Pembroke, which yielded to him on 17th July 1648. Besides the ruins of the fine castle of Pembroke, many others are to be found in the county, Manorbier, Carew, Lamphey, Narberth,