544 PERIODICALS Servia. The best literary review Servia has had was the JVila, edited by Xovakovic. See A. Bourgeault, Histoire des litteraturcs itrangeres, 1876, 3 vols.; D. larcu, BMiografla chronologica romana, 1873. UNITED STATES. United Spurred by the success of the Gentleman s Magazine in England, States. Benjamin Franklin printed and published the earliest miscellany in America, under the title of the General Magazine (1741), at Philadelphia, which, owing to want of support, expired after six monthly numbers had appeared. Franklin s rival, John Webbe, brought out in opposition the American Magazine (1741), which ran only to two numbers. Further attempts at Philadelphia in 1757 and 1769 to revive periodicals with the same name were both fruitless. The other pro-revolutionary magazines were the Boston American Magazine (1743-47), in imitation of the London Magazine ; the Boston Weekly Magazine (1743) ; the Christian History (1743- 44) ; the New York Independent Reflector (1752-54) ; the New England Magazine (1758-60), a collection of fugitive pieces ; the Boston Royal American Magazine (1774-75) ; and the Pennsylvania Magazine (1775-76), which, founded by R. Aitken, with the help of Thomas Paine, came to an untimely end upon the commencement of the war. The Columbian Magazine (1786-90) was continued as the Uni versal Asylum (1790-92). Matthew Carey brought out the Ameri can Museum in 1787, and it lasted until 1792. Five or six more magazines ran out a brief existence before the end of the century. One of the most successful of them was the Farmer s Museum (1793-99), supported by perhaps the most brilliant staff of writers American periodical literature had yet been able to show, and edited by Deimie, who in 1801 commenced the publication of the Portfolio, carried on to 1827 at Philadelphia. For five years it was a weekly miscellany in quarto, and afterwards an octavo monthly ; it was the first American serial which could boast of so long an existence. The Literary Magazine (1803-8) was established at Philadelphia by C. B. Brown, who, with Denaie, may be considered as having been the first American professional man of letters. The Anthology Club was founded at Boston in 1803 by Phineas Adams for the cultiva tion of literature and the discussion of philosophy. Ticknor, Everett, and Bigelow were among the members, and were con tributors to the organ of the club, the Monthly Anthology (1803-11), the forerunner of the North American Review. In the year 1810 Thomas (Printing in America, ii. 292) informs us that 27 periodicals were issued in the United States. The first serious rival of the Portfolio was the Analectic Magazine (1813-20), founded at Phil adelphia by Moses Thomas, with the literary assistance of W. Irving (for some time the editor), Paulding, and the ornithologist Wilson. In spite of a large subscription list it came to an end on account of the costly style of its production. The first southern serial was the Monthly Register (1805) of Charleston. New York possessed no periodical worthy of the city until 1824, when the Atlantic Magazine appeared, which changed its name shortly afterwards to the New York Monthly Review, and was supported by R. C. Sands and W. C. Bryant. For many years Graham s Magazine was the leading popular miscellany in the country, reaching at one time a circulation of about 35,000 copies. The first western periodical was the Illinois Monthly Magazine (1830-32), published, owned, edited, and almost entirely written by James Hall, who followed with his Western Monthly Magazine (1833-36), produced in a similar manner. In 1833 the novelist C. F. Hoffman founded at New York The Knickerbocker (1833-60), which soon passed under the control of Timothy Flint and became extremely successful, most of the leading native writers of the next twenty years having been contributors. Equally popular was Putnam s Monthly Magazine (1853-57, 1867-69). The Dial (1841-44), Boston, the organ of the transcendentalists, was first edited by Margaret Fuller, and subsequently by R. W. Emerson and G. Ripley. Among other extinct magazines may be mentioned the American Monthly Magazine (1833-38), the Southern Literary Messenger (1834), Richmond, the Gentleman s Magazine (1837-40), and the International Magazine (1850-52), edited by R. W. Griswold. The Yale Literary Magazine dates from 1836. The Merchants Magazine was united in 1871 with the Commercial and Financial Chronicle. Foremost among existing magazines come Harper s Monthly Magazine (1850) and Scribner s Monthly (1870), now Tli Century, both famous for their unrivalled wood- engraving arid literary excellence. Within the last few years the circulation of these two periodicals has increased to a remarkable degree both at home and abroad. Not less admirable in their way are the Atlantic Monthly (1857), Lippincott s Magazine, and the Manhattan. The first attempt to carry on an American review was made by Robert Walsh in 1811 at Philadelphia with the American Review of History and Politics, which lasted only a couple of years. Still more brief was the existence of the General Repository and Review (1812), brought out at Cambridge by Andrews Norton with the help of the professors of the university, but of which only four numbers appeared. Niles s Weekly Register (1811-48) was political, historical, and literary. The North American Review, the oldest and most prosperous of all the American reviews, dates from 1815, and was founded by William Tudor, a member of the previously, mentioned Anthology Club. After two years control Tudor handed over the review to the club, then styled the North American Club, whose most active members were E. T. Channing, R. H. Dana, and Jared Sparks. On his return from Europe in 1819 E. Everett became the editor ; his elder brother Alexander acquired the pro perty in 1829. The roll of the contributors to this review numbers almost every American writer of note. Since January 1879 it has been published monthly. The American Quarterly Review (1827- 37), established at Philadelphia by Robert Walsh, came to an end on his departure for Europe. The Southern Review (1828-32), con ducted by H. Legare, S. Elliott, and G. W. Simms in defence of the politics and finance of the South, enjoyed a shorter career. It was resuscitated in 1842, and lived another ten years. These two were followed by the Democratic Review (1838-52), the Ameri can Rcvieiv, afterwards the American Whig Review (1845-52), the Massachusetts Quarterly Review (1847-50), and a few more. The New Englandcr (1843), the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review (1825), and the National Quarterly Review (1860) are still published. The critical weeklies of the past include the New York Literary Gazette (1834-35, 1839), De Boic s Revicic (1846), the Literary World (1847-53), the Criterion (1855-56), the Round Table (1863- 64), the Citizen (1864-73), and Applcton s Journal (1869). The leading weeklies of the clay include the Nation (1865), the Literary World (1870), and the Critic (1881). Religious periodicals have been extremely numerous in the United States during the last hundred years. The earliest was the Theological Magazine (1796-98). The Christian Examiner dates from 1824 and lasted down to 1870. The Panoplist (1805), changed to the Missionary Herald, still represents the American Board of Missions. The Methodist Magazine dates from 1818 and the Christian Disciple from 1813. The American Biblical Reposi tory (1831-50), a quarterly, was united with the Andover Bibliothcca Sacra (1843) and with the Theological Eclectic (1865). Brownsons Quarterly Review began as the Boston Quarterly Review in 1838, and did much to introduce to American readers the works of the modern French philosophical school. Among more recent serials of this class we may notice the Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Review (1854), the Presbyterian Magazine (1851-60), the Catholic World (1865), the Southern Review (1867), the New Jerusalem Magazine (1827), American Baptist Magazine (1817), the Church Review (1848), the Christian Review (1836), the Univcrsalist Quarterly (1844). Among historical periodicals may be numbered the American Register (1806-11), Stryker s American Register (1848- 51), Edwards s American Quarterly Register (1829-43), the New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1847), Folsom s Historical Magazine (1857), the New York Genealogical Record (1869), and the Magazine of American History (1877). For many years the leading English periodicals have been regularly reprinted in the United States, and many serial publica tions have been almost entirely made up of extracts from English sources. Perhaps the earliest example is to be found in Select Views of Literature (1811-12). The Eclectic Magazine (1844) and LittcU s Living Age (1844) are still published. In 1817 America possessed only one scientific periodical, the Journal of Mineralogy. Professor Silliman established the journal known by his name in 1818. Since that time the American Journal of Science has enjoyed unceasing favour. Among other special periodicals of the day may be mentioned the American Naturalist, the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, the American Jour nal of Speculative Philosophy, the American Journal of Philology, the American Railroad Journal, the Banker s Magazine, the Index Medicus, and the Journal of the Franklin Institute. The number of periodicals devoted to light literature and to female readers has been, and still remains, extremely large. The earliest in the latter class was the Lady s Magazine (1792) of Phil adelphia. The name of the Lowell Offering (1841), written chiefly by factory girls, is well known in England. Godcy s Ladies Book is still issued. Children s magazines originated with the Young Misses Magazine (1806) of Brooklyn ; St Nicholas is a modern high-class representative of this kind ; another current example is the Child s Paper (1852). The following estimate of the number of periodicals now appear ing in the United States is taken from G. P. liowell and Co. s American Newspaper Record (1883). Weeklies, and those pub lished more frequently than once a week, are omitted on account of the difficulty of distinguishing them from newspapers. The numbers given are bi-weeklies 47, semi-monthlies 175, monthlies 1034, bi-monthlies 12, quarterlies 59 ; total 1327. See an excellent article on the subject in Ripley and Dana s American Cyclo paedia ; Cuc.heval Clarigny, Histoire de la pre.sse en Anqleterre et aux Mats llnis, 1857 ; H. Stevens, Catalogue of American Books in, the Library of the British Museum, 1866, and American Books with Tails to em, 1873 ; I. Thomas, History of Printing in America, Albany, 1874; J. Nichol, American Literature (1620- 18SO), 1882 : Pettengill s Newspaper Directory for 1878 ; G. P. Rowell and Co. s American News^iper Directory, New York, 1S69-83; Hubbard s Newspaper Directory of the World, New York, 18S2-84. The leading periodicals of the United States are indexed in V. F. Poole s Index, Boston, 1882, and Library Journal. (H. R. T.)
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