but his ambition and the jealousy of the senate gradually led to fresh complications, and a new war was imminent when Philip died in 179, mainly of remorse for the death of his younger son Demetrius, the favourite of Rome, whom he had executed on an accusation forged by his elder son
and heir Perseus.PHILIP I. (1052–1108), king of France, was the son of Henry I. and Anne of Russia, and was born in 1052. He was associated with his father on the throne in 1059, the consecration taking place at Rheims (23d May), and he succeeded to the undivided sovereignty in the following year (4th August 1060), first under the regency of his mother, and afterwards, from 1062 to 1067, under that of Baldwin V., count of Flanders. In 1072 he married Bertha, daughter of Robert the Frisian, at whose hands he had sustained a shameful defeat at Cassel in the preceding year. His jealousy of William the Conqueror led him into an act of overt hostility in 1075, when his troops raised the siege of Dol, and a state of war, interrupted by inconsiderable intervals, continued thenceforward to subsist until the death of William. Philip afterwards supported, but ineffectually, the pretensions of Robert of Normandy against William Rufus. In 1092 he brought himself into collision with the church by shutting up his wife Bertha with her three children in the castle of Montreuil, and espousing Bertrada of Montfort, whom he had induced to leave her husband, Fulk of Anjou. The marriage was indeed sanctioned after Bertha's death by a subservient council at Rheims in 1094, but led to the king's excommunication by the council of Autun in the same year—a censure which was renewed by Pope Urban II. at Clermont in 1095. Having dismissed Bertrada early in 1097, he was forthwith absolved, but on a repetition of the offence three years afterwards the sentence was re newed, at Poitiers, and only removed by Paschal II. after Philip had once more submitted himself to the church. In 1100 he made his son Louis (afterwards Louis VI.) joint king, and his death took place at Melun on 29th July 1108. See France, vol. ix. pp. 537–539.
PHILIP II. (1165–1223), surnamed “Augustus,” king of France, was the son of Louis VII., and was born in August 1165. When fifteen years old he was crowned joint king at Rheims on 1st November 1179. In the following year he was again crowned along with his newly-wedded wife, Margaret of Hainault, at St Denis (29th May 1180); the death of his father took place a few months afterwards. For an account of Philip II.'s character and of the leading events of his reign the reader is referred to France, vol. ix. pp. 540–542. He died at Mantes on 14th July 1223.
PHILIP III. (1245–1285), surnamed “the Rash,” king of France, was born in 1245 and succeeded his father Louis IX. on 25th August 1270, at Tunis, where, after continuing the siege for some time, he made a truce of ten years and embarked for France in the following November. He was twice married, first to Isabella of Aragon in 1258, and subsequently to Mary of Brabant. He died at Perpignan on 5th October 1285. See France, vol. ix. p. 544.
PHILIP IV. (1268–1314), surnamed “the Fair,” son of the preceding, was born at Fontainebleau in 1268, was married to Joanna, queen of Navarre, in 1284, accompanied his father into Aragon in 1285, and was proclaimed king of France at Perpignan on 6th October of that year. See France, vol. ix. pp. 544–545. He died at Fontainebleau on 29th November 1314.
PHILIP V. (1293–1322), surnamed “the Tall,” second son of the preceding, succeeded his elder brother, Louis X., in January 1317, and was succeeded by his younger brother Charles IV. in January 1322.
PHILIP VI. (1293–1350) was the eldest son of Charles, count of Valois, the younger brother of Philip IV., and was born in 1293. He succeeded his cousin Charles IV. in 1328, and died at Nogent-le-Roi near Chartres on 22d August 1350. See France, vol. ix. pp. 545–546.
PHILIP I. (1478–1506), of Castile and Aragon, surnamed “the Handsome,” was the son of the emperor Maximilian I. and Mary, the only child of Charles the Bold, last prince of the house of Burgundy, and was born at Bruges on 22d July 1478. He succeeded his mother in 1482, Maximilian being recognized as governor and guardian during the minority by all the provinces, except Flanders, the burghers of which took possession of Philip, and carried on the government in his name. This arrangement subsisted until 1489, when a long struggle resulted in the triumph of Maximilian, who henceforth had the guardianship uncontrolled. In 1494 Philip received the homage of the various states of the Netherlands, and in 1496 he was married to Joanna (Juana la Loca), second daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon. On the early death of the other children of these sovereigns the succession vested in Joanna, and Philip as her husband proceeded to Spain, where he was recognized as heir-pre sumptive by the cortes of Toledo and Saragossa (represent ing Castile and Aragon respectively) in 1502. He returned, however, to Flanders before the close of the year, and was still absent when, on the death of Isabella in November 1504, Ferdinand caused Joanna and Philip to be proclaimed sovereigns of Castile, but at the same time assumed the regency to himself. It was only with difficulty that Ferdinand was induced to retire to Aragon and so make way for the new king in June 1506. Philip died three months afterwards (25th September 1506) at Burgos. His children by Joanna were Charles V., emperor, and king of Spain ; Ferdinand I., emperor ; Isabella, queen of Denmark ; Leonora, queen of Portugal and afterwards of France ; Mary, queen of Hungary and governor of the Netherlands ; and Catharine, queen of Portugal.
PHILIP II. (1527–1598), king of Spain, was the son of the emperor Charles V. and Isabella of Portugal, and was born at Valladolid on 21st May 1527. He was brought up in Castile under the care of his mother, who died when he was twelve years old. As Philip grew up, his father, though he rarely saw his son, watched carefully over his education and strove to fit him for political life. In 1543 Philip married Mary of Portugal, who died in 1545, soon after the birth of a son, Don Carlos. In 1548 Charles V. summoned Philip to Brussels, that he might gain some experience of the peoples whom he would be called upon to rule. He was not, however, popular with his future subjects. He had already formed his character upon the model of Spanish haughtiness. He was cold, reserved, punctilious about decorum, and wanting in geniality. The Italians did not care for him ; the Flemings disliked him ; the Germans hated him. His appearance and manner did not further his father s plan of securing his election to the empire. The scheme failed, and Philip's presence was in no way helpful. In 1551 he returned to the more congenial task of governing Spain.
Charles V. new prospects for his son. Queen Mary regarded the emperor as her only friend, and submitted herself entirely to his guidance. She received with joy a proposal for her marriage with Philip. The English opposition broke down with the failure of Wyatt's rebellion, and in 1554 Philip came to England to claim his bride. Charles V. resigned to him Naples and Sicily that he might not come as a needy prince. Philip was well supplied with Spanish gold, and was charged by his father to spare no pains in conciliating the English. He tried his best; but his cold, ungenial manner was a hopeless obstacle
to his success. Mary was devotedly attached to her hus-
