tectural monument of his reign, the Escorial, built in the solitude of the Guadarrama hills. The mighty mass of buildings contained a monastery, a burying-place for the royal house, and a palace for the king. It was built in con sequence of a vow made at the battle of St Quentin. The battle was fought on St Lawrence s day 1557, and this fact was commemorated by arranging the building in the form of a gridiron. The cloister of the monastery supplied the bars, and the royal palace projected like the handle. Philip loved solitude. It harmonized with his habits of quiet industry. He governed his dominions by means of des patches, as a merchant seated in his office transacts com mercial business in different quarters of the globe. All that could be done by patient industry, without political insight, Philip II. did. His strength lay in his steady persistency. During his reign he was the foremost figure in European history, but the only work which he accom plished was the formation of the Spanish character into the definite shape in which it influenced European culture.
Literature.—Cabrera, Filipe Scgitndo ; Leti, Vita di Filippo II. ; Sepulveda, DC Rebus Gestis Philippi II. ; Alberi, Relazioni Vencte ; Weiss, Papicrs d Etat de Cardinal Granvcllc ; Gachard, Com- spondance de Philippe II., and Don Carlos ct Philippe II. ; Calendar of State Papers, Mary and Elizabeth ; Documcntos incditos para la Historia de Espana ; Prescott, History of Philip II. ; Migni t, Antonio Perez et Philippe II. ; Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Re public, and The United Netherlands ; Froucle, History of England under Mary and Elizabeth ; Ranke, Gcschichte Frankrcichs, and Fiirstcn und Volker von Siid-Eurcyja , Raumer, History of the Six teenth and Seventeenth Centuries ; Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II. ; Stirling- .Maxwell, Don John of Austria.
PHILIP III. (1578-1621), king of Spain, son of Philip II. by his fourth wife, Anne of Austria, was born at Madrid on 14th April 1578, succeeded his father on 13th September 1598, married Margaret of Austria on 18th April 1599, and died at Madrid on 31st March 1621. In personal character he Avas weak and indolent, and his time was mostly spent at the Escorial in hunting and other pursuits of a private country gentleman, while the conduct of public affairs was left almost entirely in the hands of the duke of Lerma, who held the office of first minister from the king s accession until October 1618. See Spain.
PHILIP IV. (1605–1665), king of Spain, son of Philip. III., was born at Valladolid on 8th April 1605, was married to Isabella of France on 25th November 1615, succeeded his father on 31st March 1621, and died on 17th September 1665. From 1621 to 1643 the well-known duke of Olivares held the reins of real power in the Peninsula; he was afterwards succeeded by the duke of Carpio. See Spain.
PHILIP V. (1683–1746), king of Spain, was the second son of the French dauphin, Louis, by his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria, and was born at Versailles on 19th December 1683. In 1700 Philip, at that time duke of Anjou, was called by the testament of the childless Charles II. to the throne of Spain. Quitting Versailles to take possession of his inheritance on 4th December, he arrived at the Buen-Retiro palace in Madrid on 18th February of the following year. At their parting his grandfather, Louis XIV., who a few months previously had concluded with England and Holland a treaty for the partition of the Spanish dominions, exhorted him to be a good Spaniard, but never to forget that he had been born a Frenchman; it was on the same occasion that he uttered the famous mot, " Mon fils, il n y a plus de Pyrenees." Philip's recognition as king by the other European powers did not take place until the war of the Spanish succession was brought to an end by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. In 1702 he married Maria Louisa, daughter of Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy; shortly after her death in February 1714, which he felt deeply, he married Elizabeth Farnese (December), a step to which he was advised by the then all-powerful princesse des Ursins. The disgrace of the princess immediately followed, and her place in the royal counsels was taken by Alberoni (q.v.), who remained in power till December 1719. In 1724 Philip, under the influence of a profound melancholy which had seized him, resigned the crown by royal decree, dated 14th January 1724, in favour of his eldest son, Louis, who, however, died after a short reign of only seven months. Philip died on 9th July 1746 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand VI. See Spain.
PHILIP. For the dukes of Burgundy of this name, surnamed respectively “the Bold” (1342–1404) and “the Good” (1396–1467), see Burgundy, vol. iv. p. 536, and France, vol. ix. p. 548. For Archduke Philip, “the Handsome,” see Philip I. of Castile and Aragon (p. 743).
PHILIP of Swabia (c. 1170–1208), rival of the emperor Otho IV. (q.v.), younger son of the emperor Frederick I., was born about 1170. He was originally intended for the church, and, after being provost of Aix-la-Chapelle, was chosen bishop of Würzburg in 1191; but in 1195 his elder brother brought about his marriage with a Byzantine princess, Irene, on which occasion he was named duke of Tuscany and Spoleto. In the following year he received also the duchy of Swabia. On the death of his elder brother he was elected king by a large body of princes and prelates at Mühlhausen (March 1198); this, however, was not acquiesced in by those opposed to the continuance of the imperial crown in the house of Hohenstaufen, whose choice fell on Otho. The coronation of the latter at Aix-la-Chapelle in July was soon followed by that of his rival at Mainz, and a civil war ensued, which, carried on with varying fortunes for ten years, was only brought to an end by the murder of Philip by Otho of Wittelsbach at Bamberg on 21st June 1208.
PHILIPPI, a city of ancient Macedonia, on a steep hill near the river Gangites (now the Angista), overlooking an extensive plain and at no great distance from the coast of the Ægean, on the highway between Neapolis (Kavalla) and Thessalonica. Originally called Crenides, or “Fountains,” it took the name by which it has become famous from Philip of Macedon, who made himself master of the neighbouring gold-mines of the Hill of Dionysus, and fortified the city as one of his frontier-towns. Octavius and Antony having in 42 B.C. gained a great victory over Brutus and Cassius in the plain of Philippi, the place received a Roman colony, Colonia Julia Philippensis, which was probably increased after the battle of Actium (Col. Aug. Julia Phil.}. The inhabitants received the Jus Italicum, and Philippi was one of the cities specially designated as “first cities” ([ Greek ], Acts xvi. 1 2 ; see Marquardt, Rom. Staatsvenvafamy, vol. i. p. 187). It was the scene of a striking incident in the life of St Paul, and it was to his converts here that he addressed the epistle noticed below. The site of the city, now altogether uninhabited, is marked by a number of ruins the substructions of an amphitheatre, parts of a great temple of Claudius, &c. which have furnished a variety of interesting inscriptions. At a little distance to the east is a huge stone monument, known to the Turks as Dikelitash and to the Greeks as the Manger of Bucephalus.
See Clarke's Travels, iii. ; Hacket, i Bible Union Quarterly, I860 ; Heuzey, Mission arch, en Macedoine, and C. 1. L., iii. 1.
PHILIPPIANS, Epistle to the. This is one of the most characteristic of the letters of St Paul. It was addressed to the community at Philippi (see above), the first important European city which St Paul had visited, where he had formed a community with the apparently new organization of “bishops” and “deacons,” and with which
he had relations of especial intimacy. The immediate occasion of his writing the letter was his receipt of money
