Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/800

764 P H I P H I lislied from the Armenian by Anchor in 1826, are generally held to be spurious. 1 (5) The lexicon of Hebrew proper names with Greek interpretations ( Ep/uTjvdo ruv t3paiKu>t> dvofjiaruv], which Origen interp completed by adding the New Testament names, and which Jerome rewrote, was often ascribed to Philo. It appears from ancient testi monies that it bore no author s name, so that Philo s part in it is at least very problematical ; nor does its original form seem to be extant (see brig., Comm. in Joan., vol. ii. c. 27 ; Euseb., H. E., ii. 18, 7 ; Jerome in the preface to his recension of the book). Various Greek and Latin recensions are given by Yallarsi and in Lagarde s Onoinastica sacra, 1870 ; see also on this class of literature as a whole Fabrieius-Haiies, Bib. Gr., iv. 7-lZsq., vi. 199 sq., vii. 226 sq. (6) On a Latin work, DC biblicis antiquitatibus, ascribed to Philo, see Fabr. -HarL, iv. 743. (7) For the pseudo-Philonic Brcriarium tcmporum, a forgery of Annius of Yiterbo, see ibid. (8) The book On Virtue, published as Philo s by Mai (Phil. Jud. de virt. ejitsqiic partibus, 1816), is a work of Gemistus Pletho. Editions. The first, very imperfect, edition of the Greek text of Philo is by Tuniebus (Paris, 1552). Some additional pieces were given by Hiischel (Frank fort, 1587 ; Augsburg, 1C14). Other editions are those of Geneva, 1613 ; Paris, 1640; Frankfort, 1691 (a page-for-page reprint of the Paris edition); but the best is still that of Mangey (2 vols., London, 1742), which alone is based on a number of MSS. and gives a critical apparatus. Pfeitter s unfinished edition, vols. i.-v., appeared at Erlangen in 1785-95, 2d ed. 1820. An important supple ment to Mangey is given by Aucher s publications from the Armenian Phil. Jud. sermones tres inediti, Venice, 1822. Phil. Jud. paralipomcna Armena, Venice, 1820. The Greek pieces newly published since Mangey are less exten sive. The editions by Mai, Grossmann, and Tischendorf have been already noticed. Aucher s publications and Mai s of 1818 are contained in the con venient edition of Richter (Leipsic, 1828-30) and in the Tauchnitz stereotype edition (1851-53). Of editions of particular works, J. G. Miiller s Des Juden Philo Buck v. d. Welischopfiing (Berlin, 1841), with commentary, claims special notice. Compare further for the editions and versions, Fiirst, fiibl. Jud. ; Onsse, Tresor de livres rares et precieux, v. 269-271 (1864) ; and Eng. tr. by Yonge, 4 vols., London, 1854-55. Literature. -(A.) On Philo s writings in general. Fabricius-Harles, Bibl. Gr., iv. 721-750. On the order of Philo s works, Gfrorer, Philo uml die Alcxan- drinische Tlieosophie, i. (1831) ; Dahne, in Stud, und Krit., 1833, p. 984 sq. ; Grossmann, De Phil. Jud. operum continua serie et online chronol., pts. i., ii., Leipsic, 1841-42. On the text, Creuzer, in Stud, und Krit., 1832, p. 3 sq. J. G. Muller, Texteskritik der Schr. des Juden Philo, Basel, 1839, reprinted in his edition of the Weltschopfung, 1841. On Philo s language, method, and influ ence on posterity, see Siegfried, Philo von Alex, als Ausleger des A. T. . . ., Jena, 1875. On his knowledge of Palestinian legal tradition. B. Ritter, Philo und die Halacha, Leipsic, 1879. (B.) On Philo s teaching. Gfrorer, op. cit. ; Dahne, Gesch. Darstellung der jud.-alex. lleligionsphilosophie, Halle, 1834; Zeller, Phil. d. Griechen, pt. iii. sect. ii. (3d ed., 1881), this is on the w r hole the best general sketch; Gfrorer and Dahne give fuller material. On special points, see Keferstein, Philo s Lehre von dem gbttlichen, Mittehvesen, Leipsic, 1846 ; Heinze, Lehre vom Logos, 1872 ; Soulier, La doctrine du, Logos chez Philon, Turin, 1876. (E. S*.) PHILO. A Jewish. Hellenist of this name is the author of an epic poem in Greek hexameters on the History of Jerusalem, and lived at an earlier date than the philosopher, Alexander Polyhistor quoting several passages of his book about 80-60 B.C. From Alexander Eusebius derives these extracts from the poem (Prsep. Ev., ix. 20, 24, 37). This is probably the Philo who is mentioned by Clemens Alex- andrinus (Strom., i. 21, 141) and Josephus (C. Ap., i. 23). See Philippson s work on the Jewish poets Ezechiel and Philo (1830) and Muller, Fr. Hist. Gr., iii. 213 sq. PHILO BYBLIUS, i.e., Philo of Byblus (Gebal, Jubeil), was born, according to Suidas, in 42 A.D., and lived into the reign of Hadrian, about which he wrote a book now wholly lost. He was a grammarian by profession and author of many books, of which those oftenest cited are : (1) a work About Cities and the Famous Men they have pro duced, which was epitomized by Serenus, and (2) Phoenician History. Of the latter there are very considerable frag ments, chiefly preserved by Eusebius in the Prxparatio Evanyelica, and presenting a Euhemeristic rechauffe of Phoenician theology and mythology which is represented as translated from the Phoenician of Sanchuniathon. The fragments of Philo are collected in Muller, Fr. Hist. Gr., iii. 560 sq. To the literature there cited add Ewald s essay in the Abhandlungen of the Royal Society of Gottingen, vol. v. (1853) ; Kenan s in Mem. Acad. dts Ihscript., vol. xxiii. (1858) ; and Baudissin, Studien zur semitischen Reliyions- (jescJdchte, i. 3 sq. PHILO OF BYZANTIUM, author of a treatise on mechanics, of which only two books now remain, flourished in the 2d or 3d century A.D. The extant books, which refer to machines used in war and to siege works, are 1 See Dahne, Stud, und Krit., 1833, p. 987 sq. ; Freudenthal, Me Fl. Joseph, beiyeleyte Schrift tiber die llerrschaft der Venmnft, 1869, pp. 9 s,j., 141 sq. edited with a German translation in Kochly and Puistow s Griechische Kriegsachriftsteller, vol. i. (Leipsic, 1853). For a list of other Philos, see Fabricius, Bill. Grxca, iv. p. 750 sq., ed. Harl. PHILOLAUS, next to Archytas the most illustrious of the Pythagorean philosophers, was born at Tarentum or, according to Diogenes Laertius, at Crotona. 2 He was said to have been intimate with Democritus, and was prob ably one of his teachers. After the death of Pythagoras great dissensions prevailed in the cities of lower Italy, which were allayed only after the lapse of many years through the intervention of the Aclutans. According to some accounts Philolaus was obliged to flee, and owed his escape to his youthful energy. He took refuge first in Lucania, then in Greece ; he lived at Thebes, where he had for pupils Simmias and Cebes, who subsequently, being still young men (yeavio-Kot), were present at the death of Socrates. Prior to this Philolaus had left Thebes and returned to Italy, where he was the teacher of Archytas. Pythagoras published nothing, nor did the other early Pythagoreans ; the members of the brotherhood, moreover, piously referred their discoveries back to their master ; hence many doctrines have been attributed to Pythagoras which were first propounded later in the school. He entered deeply into the number-theory, which constituted the dis tinctive feature of the Pythagorean philosophy, and in particular dwelt on the properties inherent in the decad the sum of the first four numbers, consequently tin; fourth triangular number, the tetractys which he called great, all-powerful, and all-producing. The discovery of the regular solids is attributed to Pythagoras by Euclemus, and Empedocles is stated to have been the first who main tained that there were four elements. Philolaus, con necting these ideas, held that the elementary nature of bodies depended on their form, and assigned the tetra hedron to fire, the octahedron to air, the icosahedron to water, and the cube to earth ; the dodecahedron he assigned to a fifth element, tether, or, as some think, to the universe. This theory indicates considerable know ledge of geometry on the part of its author ; it gave, moreover, a great impulse to the study of that science, and many important results were arrived at, so that Aristteus, who lived before Euclid, was able to write a book on the comparison of the five regular solids. Philolaus was the first to propound the doctrine of the motion of the earth ; some, however, attribute this doctrine to Pythagoras, but there is no evidence in support of their view. Philolaus supposed that the sphere of the fixed stars, the five planets, the sun, moon, and earth, all moved round the central fire, which he called the hearth of the universe, the house of Zeus, and the mother of the gods ; but as these made up only nine revolving bodies he con ceived, in accordance with his number-theory, a tenth, which he called counter-earth, avri^Owv. He was the first who published a book on the Pythagorean doctrines, a treatise of which Plato made use in the composition of his Timxus. This work of the Pythagorean, to which the mystical name BaK^at is sometimes given, seems to have consisted of three books: (1) LTe^n KWTJJLOV, containing a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe ; (2) He/it c/>rcrews, an exposition of the nature of numbers ; (3) Hepl ^I xv?? on the nature of the soul. See Boe< kh, Philolctos des PyfJiaqorecrs Lrlircn ncbst den Rruch- stiieken seines IVcrkes (Berlin, 1819) ; also Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca ; Zeller, History of Greek Philosophy ; and Chaignct, Pythiujore et la Philosophic Pythagoricienne,conte/r<*j,nt les Fragments de Philulaiis ct d Architas (1873). 2 Boeckh places his life between the 70th and 95th Olympiads (496-396 B. c. ). He was a contemporary of Socrates and Democritus, but senior to them, and wa# probably somewhat junior to Empedocles, so that hi.s birth may be placed at about 480.