Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/86

76 U T Y E In Scotland outlawry or fugitation may be pronounced by the supreme criminal court in the absence of the panel on the day of trial. In the United States outlawry never existed in civil cases, and in the few cases where it existed in criminal proceedings it has become obsolete. OUTRAM, SIK JAMES (1803-1863), English general, was the son of Benjamin Outram of Butterley Hall, Derbyshire, civil engineer, and was born 29th January 1803. His father died in 1805, and his mother, a daughter of Dr James Anderson, the Scottish writer on agriculture, removed in 1810 to Aberdeenshire. From Udny school the boy went in 1818 to Marischal College, Aberdeen; and in 1819 an Indian cadetship was given him. Soon after his arrival in India his remarkable energy attracted notice, and in July 1820 he became acting adjutant to the first battalion of the 12th regiment on its embodiment at Poona, an experience which he found to be of immense advantage to him in his after career. In 1825 he was sent to Khandesh, where he succeeded in training a light infantry corps, formed of the wild robber Bhils, gaining over them a marvellous personal influence, and employing them with great success in checking outrages and plunder. Their loyalty to him had its principal source in their boundless admiration of his hunting achievements, which in their cool daring and hairbreadth escapes have perhaps never been equalled. Originally a " puny lad," and for many years after his arrival in India subject to constant attacks of sickness, Outram seemed to win strength by every new illness, acquiring a constitution of iron, " nerves of steel, shoulders and muscles worthy of a six-foot Highlander." In 1835 he was sent to Gujerat to make a report on the Mahi Kantha district, and for some time he remained there as political agent. On the outbreak of the Afghan war in 1838 he was appointed extra aide-de-camp on the staff of Sir John Keane, and besides many other brilliant deeds performed an extraordinary exploit in capturing a banner of the enemy before Ghazni. After conducting various raids against different Afghan tribes, he was in 1839 promoted major, and appointed political agent in Lower Sind, and later in Upper Sind. On his return from a short visit to England in 1843, he was, with the rank of brevet lieu tenant-colonel, appointed to a command in the Mahratta country, and in 1847 he was transferred from Satara to Baroda. In 1854 he became chief-commissioner of Oudh, and in 1856 he received the honour of knighthood Appointed in 1857, with the rank of lieutenant-general, to command an expedition against Persia, he defeated the enemy with great slaughter at Khushab, and otherwise conducted the campaign with such rapid decision that peace was shortly afterwards concluded, his brilliant services being rewarded by the Grand Cross of the Bath. From Persia he was summoned in June to India, with the brief explanation, " We want all our best men here." Immediately on- his arrival in Calcutta he was appointed to command the two divisions of the Bengal army, occupying the country from Calcutta to Cawnpur ; and to the military control was also joined the commissioner- ship of Oudh. Already the rebellion had assumed such proportions as to compel Havelock to fall back on Cawnpur, which he only held with difficulty, although a speedy advance was necessary to save the garrison at Lucknow. On arriving at Cawnpur with reinforcements, Outram, " in admiration of the brilliant deeds of General Havelock," conceded to him the glory of relieving Luck- now, and, waiving his rank, tendered his services to him as a volunteer. During the advance he commanded a troop of volunteer cavalry, and performed exploits of great brilliancy at Mangalwar, and in the attack at the Alam- bagh ; and in the final conflict he led the way, charging through a very tempest of fire. Resuming supreme eom- j mand, he then held the town till the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell, after which he conducted the evacuation of the residency so as completely to deceive the enemy. In the second capture of Lucknow, on the commander-in-chief s return, Outram was entrusted with the attack on the side of the Gumti, and afterwards, having recrossed the river, i he advanced "through the Chattar Manzil to take the residency," thus, in the words of Sir Colin Campbell, "putting the finishing stroke on the enemy." After the capture of Lucknow he was gazetted lieutenant-general. In February 1858 he received the special thanks of both Houses of Parliament, and in the same year the dignity I of baronet with an annuity of 1000. When, on account of shattered health, he returned finally to England in 1860, a movement was set on foot to mark the sense entertained, not only of his military achievements, but of his constant exertions in behalf of the natives of India, whose " weal," in his own words, "he matje his first object." The move ment resulted in the presentation of a public testimonial and the erection of statues in London and Calcutta. He died llth March 1863, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where the marble slab on his grave bears the pregnant epitaph " The Bayard of India." See James Outram, a Biography, by Major-General Sir F. J. Goldsmid, C.B., K. C.S.I., 2 vols., 1880, 2ded., 1881. OVAR, a town of Portugal, in the district of Aveiro (Beira), with a station on the railway 20 miles south of Oporto, lies at the northern end of the Aveiro lagoon, an extremely unhealthy position. It contains 10,022 inhabitants (1878), and carries on a brisk trade with the colonies and northern Africa. OVATION, an honour awarded in Rome to victorious generals. It was less distinguished than the triumph (see TRIUMPH), and was awarded either when the campaign, though victorious, had not been important enough for the higher honour, or when the general was not of rank sufficient to give him the right to a triumph. The ceremonial was on the whole similar in the two cases, but in an ovation the general walked or more commonly rode on horseback. OVEN, a close chamber or compartment in which a considerable degree of heat may be generated either from internal or from external sources. In English the term is generally restricted to a chamber for baking bread and other food substances, being equivalent to the French four or the German Backofen ; but the chambers in which coal is coked are termed coke ovens. See BAKING, vol iii. 257, and COKE, vol. vi. 118. OVERBECK, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1789-1869), the reviver and leader of "Christian art" in the 19th century, was born in Liibeck 4th July 1789. His ancestors for three generations had been Protestant pastors ; his father was doctor of laws, poet, mystic pietist, and burgomaster of Liibeck. Within stone s throw of the family mansion in the Konigstrasse stood the gymnasium, where the uncle, doctor of theology and a voluminous writer, was the master; there the nephew became a classic scholar and received instruction in art. The young artist left Liibeck in March 1806, and entered as student the academy of Vienna, then under the direction of F. H. Fiiger, a painter of some renown, but of the pseudo-classic school of the French David. Here was gained thorough knowledge, but the teachings and associa tions proved unendurable to the sensitive, spiritual-minded youth. Overbeck wrote to a friend that he had fallen among a vulgar set, that every noble thought was suppressed within the academy, and that losing all faith in humanity he turned inwardly on himself. These words are a key to his future position and art. It seemed to him that in Vienna, and indeed throughout Europe, the pure springs of