Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 18.djvu/885

P H R P H R 849 the system and to show how worthless the so-called dia gnoses of character really are. Its application by those who are its votaries is seldom worse than amusing, but it is capable of doing positive social harm, as in its proposed application to the discrimination or selection of servants and other subordinate officials. It has even been proposed to use it for the purposes of the guarantee society and for the selection of parliamentary representatives. The sar castic suggestion which originated with Christopher North of moulding children s heads so as to suppress the evil and foster the good was actually repeated in good faith by a writer on phrenology, but experience of the effects of mal formation leads one to be sceptical as to the feasibility of this mode of producing a social Utopia. The application of phrenology to the art of painting and sculpture has been suggested, but a careful examination of some of the best pictures of the best masters, who were close observers of nature, shows that no phrenological principles were accepted by them in their works. An application to ethnology has also been proposed ; but, although there are in most cases well-marked racial characters presented by the skull, yet all attempts at correlating national characteristics there with have been groundless and worthless. For further particulars on allied subjects, see PHYSIOGNOMY. LITERATURE. Prochaska, Functions of the Nervous System (tr. by Layccck, in Sydenham Society s series, 1851) ; Gall, Recherches sur le Systems Nervcux, &c. (Paris, 1809), Anatomic et Physiologie du Systeme ^Nerveux, &c. (Paris, 1810-19), Traite des Dispositions innecs de I Ame et de I Esprit (Paris, 1811), and Sur les Fonctions du Ccrveau (6 vols., 1825) ; Beryk, Bemerkungcn u. Zweifel iiber die Schddellchre des Dr Gall s (Leipsic, Io03) ; Marton, Leicht- fassliche Darstcllung der Gchirn- u. Schddellchre (Leipsic, 1803) ; Metzger, Ueber den mcnschlichen Kopf (Konigsberg, 1803); Walther, Ncuc Untcrsuchungen dcr Gall schcn Gehirn- und Schadellehrc (Munich, 1804) ; Kessler, Priifimg des Gall schen Systems (Jena, 1805) ; Bischoff, Darstcllung des Gallschen Gchirn- und Schadellehrc, &c. (Berlin, 1805); Ackermann, Die Gallschc Gehirnlehrc widerlegt (Heidelberg, 1806) ; Himly, Erortcrung dcr Gallschen Lehre (Halle, 1806) ; Forster, "Sketch of the New Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain," in Pamphleteer (1815, No. ix., reprinted with additions 1817) ; Spurzheim, The Physiognomical System of Gall and Spurz- Tieim (London, 1815), Phrenology, or the Doctrine of the Mind (1825), and The Anatomy of the Human Brain (1826) ; Gordon, Observations on the Structure of the Brain, comprising an estimate of the claims of Gall and Spurzheim, &c. (1817) ; G. Combe, Essays on Phrenology (Edinburgh, 1819), Elements of Phrenology (1824), System of Phrenology (1825), Constitution of Man (1827), Lectures on Phrenology by Boardman (1839), and Outlines of Phrenology (1847) ; Dewlmrst, Guide to Human and Comparative Phrenology (London, 1831) ; Otto, Phrcenologien eller Galls og Spurzheims Hjcernc- og Organl&re (Copenhagen, 1825) ; Broussais, Cours dc Phrenologie (Paris, 1836) ; Vimont, Traite de Phrenologie humaine et comjmree (1836) ; Noel, Grundziige der Phrenologie (Leipsic, 1836), and Die materielle Grundlage des Scelenlcbcns (Leipsic, 1874) ; IVlacnish, Introduction to Phrenology (Glasgow, 1836) ; Capen, Phrenological Library (Boston, 1836); Ferrarese, Memorie risguardanti la Dottrina Frenologica (1836-38) ; Watson, Statistics of Phrenology (1836) ; Azais, Traite de la Phrenologie (Paris, 1839) ; Sidney Smith, Principles of Phrenology (Edinburgh, 1838) ; Joshua T. Smith, Synopsis of Phrenology ; Forichon, Le Materialisme et la Phrenologie combattu (Paris, 1840) ; K. G. Cams, Grundziige einer neuen und wisscnschaftlich bcgrundcten Kranioskopie (Stutt gart, 1841); Castle, Die Phrenologie (Stuttgart, 1845); Struve, Geschichte der Phrenologie (Heidelberg, 1843) ; Idjiez, Cours de Phrenologie (Paris, 1847) ; Flourens, Examen de la Phrenologie (Paris, 1842); Scrrurier, Phrenologie Morale (Paris, 1840); Mariano Cubi i Solar, Lemons de Phrenologie (Paris, 1857) ; Morgan, Phreno logy ; Donovan, Phrenology ; Struve and Hirschfeld, Zcitschrift fur Phrenologie (Heidelberg, 1843-45) ; Phrenological Journal (20 vols., 1823-47); Lelut, Quest ce que la Phrenologie? (1836), and Rcjct dc I Organologie phrenologique (1843) ; Tupper, Enquiry into Dr Gall s System (1819) ; Wayte, Antiphrcnology (1829) ; Stone, Observations on the Phrenological Development of Murderers (Edin burgh, 1829) ; Epps, Horse. Phrenologies (1829) ; Crock, Com pendium of Phrenology (1878) ; Aken, Phrenological Bijou (1839) ; Hall, Phreno- Magnet (1S43). (A. MA.) See plate PHRYGIA was the name of a large country in Asia II. vol. Minor, inhabited by a race which the Greeks called <&/Di yes, Freemen. 1 Roughly speaking, Phrygia comprised the 1 The meaning is given in Hesych., s.v. "Bpryes." western part of the great central plateau of Anatolia, extending as far east as the river Halys ; but its bound aries were vague, 2 and varied so much at different periods that a sketch of its history must precede any account of the geography. According to unvarying Greek tradition the Phrygians were most closely akin to certain tribes of Macedonia and Thrace ; and their near relationship to the Hellenic stock is proved by all that is known of their language and art, and is accepted by almost every modern authority. The country named Phrygia in the better known period of history lies inland, separated from the sea by Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Mysia, and Lydia. Yet we hear of a Phrygian " thalassocracy " at the beginning of the 9th century B.C. The Troad and the district round Mount Sipylus are frequently called Phrygian, as also is the sea port Sinope ; and a district on the coast between Sestus and the river Cius was regularly named Little Phrygia. Again, Abel 3 has pointed to the wide currency of names like Mygdones, Doliones, and Phryges or Briges both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and many other examples might be added. The inference has been generally drawn that the Phrygians were a stock widespread in the countries which lie round the ^Egean Sea. There is, however, no decisive evidence, and no agreement among modern scholars, as to whether this stock came from the East over Armenia, or whether it was European in origin and crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor. According to Greek tradition there existed in early time a Phrygian kingdom in the Sangarius valley, ruled by kings among whom the names Gordius and Midas were common. It was known to the ancient Greeks of Ionia and the Troad as something great and half-divine. When the goddess appeared to her favourite Anchises she repre sented herself as daughter of the king of Phrygia ; the Phrygians were said to be the oldest people, and their language the original speech of mankind ; 4 the Phrygian kings were familiar associates of the gods, and the heroes of the land tried their skill against the gods themselves ; we hear of the well-walled cities of Phrygia and of the riches of its kings. Tradition is completely corroborated by archaeological evidence. In the mountainous region on the upper waters of the Sangarius, between Kutayah and Afium Kara Hissar, there exist numerous monuments of great antiquity, showing a style of marked individuality, and implying a high degree of artistic skill among the people who produced them. On two of these monuments are engraved the names of " Midas the King " and of the goddess "Kybile the Mother." Even the title "king"(ava) 5 appears to have been borrowed by Greek from Phrygian. It is impossible to fix a date for the beginning of the Phrygian kingdom. It appears to have arisen on the ruins of an older civilization, whose existence is revealed to us only by the few monuments which it has left. These monuments, which are found in Lydia, Phrygia, Cappa- docia, and Lycaonia, point to the existence of a homogene ous civilization over those countries ; they show a singularly marked style of art, and are frequently inscribed with a peculiar kind of hieroglyphics, engraved boustrophedon, which have not as yet been deciphered. 6 There can be 2 The difficulty of specifying the limits gave rise to a proverb X W P S ra <f>pvy>v, Strabo. 3 Art. "Phryges," in Pauli s Real-Encylcl. 4 Herod., -ii. 2 ; Pausan., i. 14, 2 ; Claudian, In Eutrop., ii. 251 ; Apul., Met., xi. p. 762. 5 Fa.va.KTei on the Midas tomb. It is expressly recorded that rvpavvos is a Lydian word. BacriAefo resists all attempts to explain it as a purely Greek formation, and the termination assimilates it to certain Phrygian words. 6 It is common to name these monuments "Hittite, " but this name presupposes the truth of an historical hypothesis, namely, the conquest of Asia Minor by a race whose capital was in Syria, which has not as yet been supported by any convincing arguments. XVIII. 107