Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/183

A P E A P E 169 Otaa In Verhandelingen over de Natuurlyke Geschiedenis der Xeder- landsche overseesche Bezittingen, Lcyden, 184C SAYAGB (T. S.). On Gorilla. SUlim. Amer. Jour., 1849, vol. viii. p. 1-41 ; and Boston J. Nat. Hist., 1847, vol. v. p 417. SCHLEGEL, (See Miiller.) SCHMIDT. Zool. Garten, 1861, p. 129. SCFIROEDER, YAK DER KoLK. Brain. Verslagen der Koninkl Akad. Am sterdam, 1862, xiii. p. 1, tab. 1. SCLATER (P. L). Geographical Distribu tion. Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 507; and P. Z. S., 1872, p. 2 ; On Species, T. Z. S., I860, p. 449, pi. 82 ; 1863, p. 374, pL 31 ; 1864, pp. 710, 712 ; 1866, pp. 79, 305; 1868, pp. 183, 566; 1869, p. 592; 1870, p. 668; 1871, pp. 39, 219, 227, 651 ; 1872, pp. 663, 798. SLACK. Pro. Acad. N. Sc. Phil., 1861, pp. 24, 4G3; 1862, p. 507; 1867, p. 34. Srix (J. B.). Simiarum et Vesper- tilionnm Brazil Sp. Novae; Denk- schr. I. K. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Jliin- clien, 1813, Math.-phys. CL, p. 321 ; Ibid., 1818, p. 607 ; Fror. Not., vol. vi. (1824), p. 196. SWINHOE. P. Z. S., 1S62, p. 350, pi. 42; 1866, p. 556 ; 1870, p. 226. TEMMIXCK. Monographies de Mammo- logie, Ley den, 1835. TIIEILB (F.). Arteries. Mliller s Archir. of Anat., 1852, p. 419. TIEDESLAXX (F.). Icones Cerebri Simi arum et quorandum Animalium rariorum, Heidelberg, vol. ii. 1821 ; and in Zeitschrif t f. die Physiologic, Darmstadt, 1827, voL ii p. 17. TRAILL (T. S.). Observations on the Anatomy of the Orang-Outang, in Mem. of the Wernerian Xat. Hist. Soc., voL iii., Edinburgh, 1841. TRIXCHESE (Sal.). Ann. JIus. cir. Genoa, 1870, p. 1, pi. 1-3 (Foetus of Orang). TSCIIUDI (J. J. von). Untersuchungen tiber die Fauna Peruana. TL-RNER 0V.). Brain. Pro. of R. Soc. of Edin., 1865-66, v. pp. 243, 578. TYSON (E.). The Anatomy of a Piginie, London, 1699. VAN BENEDEX (P. J.). Bull, de 1 Acad. de Brnx., 1838, v. p. 314. VKOLIK (W.). Compt. Rendus, 1850, voL xxx. p. 83; L Institut., 1850, xviii. No. 840, p. 43; Recherches d Ajiat. Comp. sur le Chimpanse, Amsterdam, 1841 ; and article Quad- rumana In Todd s Cyclopaedia of Anat. and Physiology, vol. iv. p. 194. WAGNER (J. A.). Skull. AbhandL der Math. Phys. Klasse der K. k. Acad. der Wissen., Munich, 1837,iip. 447 ; Continuation of Schreber s Sauge- thiere. Supplement, vols. i. and v. WALLACE (Alfred). Malay Archipelago, voL i. chap. iv. ; Monkeys of Ama zon, P. Z. S., 1852, p. 107. WATERHOCSE (G. R.). P. Z. S., 1838, vi. p. 61. WEIXLAND. Zool. Garten, 1861, p. 166 ; 1862, p. 201. WIED (Maximilian, Prince of). Beitr. z. Naturgeschichte von BrasLUen, Wei mar, 1826, voL ii. WILDER (Bnrt G.). Myology. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. vU. 1861. WTHAN (J.). L Institut, 1842, x. p. 5; Pro. Boston Soc. Nat Hist., 1847, vol. ii. p. 245 ; 1850, vol. iii. p. 179; 1856, voL v. p. 274 ; 1863, p. 203 ; 1864, p. 356. (ST G. M.) APELDOORN, a flourishing town in the Netherlands, in the province of Guelderland, 17 miles N. of Arnheim, with large paper-mills, and a population of upwards of 12,000. A short distance off is the Castle of Loo, the favourite residence of King William L APELLAS, a Greek sculptor, mentioned by Pausanias (vi. 1,6) as the author of a group at Olympia, representing a quadriga, with the statues of a charioteer and of Cynisca, the sister of Archelaus. This group having been executed to commemorate the chariot victory gained by Cynisca at the Olympic games, 420 E.C., the date of the artist is ob tained. A bronze sculptor of the same name, and probably the same person, occurs in Pliny (Wat. Hist., xxxiv. 86). APELLES, the most celebrated of ancient Greek painters. The date assigned to him by Pliny (Nat. Hist., xxxv. 79) is 332 B.C., and with this agrees the fact of his having been the court painter of Alexander the Great, who it was said would allow no one else to paint his portrait, though, in point of fact, portraits of him by other artists are known (Pliny, vii. 93 and 125 ; Horace, Epist., ii. 1, 239 ; Cicero, Ad Fam., . 12, 13). Apelles had worked before then for Philip, the father of Alexander, and with a career of nearly half a century, was at work after in the time of the first successors to Alexander s empire. He was born at Colophon, where it appears his father Pytheas, also a painter, resided. His first instructor was a certain Ephorus, of Ephesus, which was then the centre of the Asia Minor school of painting ; the rival school being that of Sicyon in Greece proper, whither Apelles next proceeded, apparently to undergo the stricter discipline in drawing for which that school was renowned, and perhaps also, as is said (Plutarch, Arat., 13), to win a share of the good fortune and fame of its leaders. He was here in the neighbourhood of Corinth, and it was probably then that he was taken by the beauty of the young Lais, on seeing her drawing water at the fountain of Peirene. Another incident, that of his having seen the notorious Phryne bathing at Eleusis, and from this conceived the design of his picture of Aphrodite Anadyomene, would also fall about this time, for the two reasons that Phryne s celebrity occurred in the period before Alexander, and that Apelles is not known to have made a second stay in that district of Greece. From Sicyon he went to the Macedonian court, and was there employed until Alexander departed on his expedition into Asia, on which the painter accompanied him as far as Ephesus, where he settled. Of the intimacy between him and his royal patron there are a number of stories, which, however, from the variety in the telling, may be without foundation in fact. According to Pliny (xxxv. 85), Alex ander having betrayed ignorance by some remark about painting, was told by Apelles to be silent, lest the boys who were rubbing down colours in the studio might laugh at him. But the version of the same story given by Plutarch (De Adul., 15) has, in the place of Alexander, the Megabyzos, or priest of Diana at Ephesus ; while in ^Elian (Var. Hist., ii. 2) the story is told of Zeuxis, not of Apelles. Again, ^Elian (Var. Hist., ii 3) relates, that while Alexander was inspecting a painting of a horse by Apelles, a horse neighed towards the picture, upon which the painter remarked that the horse knew more of art than the king. But Pliny (xxx. 95) instances the neighing of a horse, only as having decided a competition between Apelles and some other painter. Still, so far as the painter s readiness of rebuke is concerned, these stories are confirmed by other incidents, as when he told an artist, who boasted of his speed in work, that the wonder was why he could not produce more of such stuff in the same time ; or, when having once accepted correction from a shoemaker about a wrongly painted boot in one of his pictures, he declined further criticism from him, with the observation which has since become a proverb, Ne supra crepidam sutor judicaret (Pliny, xxxv. 84). Of an opposite kind were his relations with Protogenes, the Rhodian painter, whose abilities he readily recognised, and whom he brought into notice by spreading a report that he intended to purchase his friend s pictures, and sell them as his own. Finding Protogenes not at home on one of his visits, Apelles, instead of leaving his name, drew with a brush an exceedingly fine line on a prepared tablet. Protogenes knowing the hand, and accepting the challenge, drew within the line a still finer one in another colour. But Apelles returning, divided the line a third time, and was confessed the victor. Though Ephesus continued to be his home, Apelles worked also elsewhere, as in Smyrna, Samos, and Rhodes, but princi pally in Cos, where he received the rights of a burgess, and where probably he died. For an account of his works and style, see ARCHEOLOGY (CLASSICAL). (A. s. M.) APENNINES, an extensive range of mountains tra versing the entire extent of the Italian peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of that country. The name Apennines is probably of Celtic origin, and derived from pen, properly signifying a head, or mountain height. By the Greek and Latin writers the name is generally used in the singular, as Apenninus Mons, 6 A-Trewwos, TO ATTCJI^VOV opo?. The name may have been originally applied only to a particular mountain, and afterwards extended to include the whole chain. The Apennines may be considered as a southern branch of the great Alpine system of Europe. Both the mountain systems have a general resemblance as regards the age and lithological character of the rocks and strata which com pose them. Geographers have differed as to the point

II. 23