Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/252

234 A K A A E A the corridors of the Loggie of the Vatican at Rome : grotesque is thus a better name for these decorations than Arabesque. This technical Arabesque, therefore, is much more ancient than any Arabian or Moorish decoration, and has really nothing in common" with it except the mere symme trical principles of its arrangement. Pliny and Vitruvius give us no name for the extravagant decorative wall-painting in vogue in their time, to which the early Italian revivers of it seem to have given the designation of grotesque, be cause it was first discovered in the arched or underground chambers (grotte) of Roman ruins as in the golden house of Nero, or the baths of Titus. What really took place in the Italian revival was in some measure a supplant ing of the Arabesque for the classical grotesque, still retaining the original Arabian designation, while the gen uine Arabian art, the Saracenic, was distinguished as Moresque or Moorish. So it is now the original Arabesque that is called by its specific names of Saracenic, Moorish, and Alhambresque, while the term Arabesque is applied exclusively to the style developed from the debased classical grotesque of the Roman empire. There is still much of the genuine Saracenic element in Renaissance Arabesques, especially in that selected for book-borders and for silver-work, the details of which consist largely of the conventional Saracenic foliations. But the Arabesque developed in the Italian cinquecento work repudiated all the original Arabian elements and devices, and limited itself to the manipulating of the classi cal elements, of which the most prominent feature is ever the floriated or foliated scroll ; and it is in this cinquecento decoration, whether in sculpture or in painting, that Arabesque has been perfected. We will first briefly describe the Saracenic, as the elder sister of the two styles, which was ingeniously developed by the Byzantine Greek artists for their Arabian masters in the early times of Mahometan conquest. Every natural object was proscribed ; the artists were, therefore, reduced to making symmetrical designs from forms which should have no positive meaning ; yet the Byzantine Greeks, who were Christians, managed to work even their own ecclesi astical symbols, in a disguised manner, into their tracery and diapers ; as the lily, for instance. The cross was not so introduced ; this, of course, was inadmissible ; but neither was the crescent ever introduced into any of this early work in Damascus or Cairo. The crescent was itself not a Mahometan device till after the conquest of Constan tinople in 1453 A.D. The crescent, as the new moon, was the symbol of Byzantium ; and it was only after that capi tal of the Eastern empire fell into the hands of the Turks that this symbol was adopted by them. The crescent and the cross became antagonist standards, therefore, first in the 15th century. And the crescent is not an element of original Moorish decoration. The Alhambra diapers and original Majolica (Majorca) ware afford admirable specimens of genuine Saracenic or Moorish decoration. A conventional floriage is common in these diapers ; tracery also is a great feature in this work, in geometrical combinations, whether rectilinear or curvili near ; and the designs are rich in colour : idolatry was in the reproduction of natural forms, not in the fanciful com bination of natural colours. These curves and angles, therefore, or interfacings, chiefly in stucco, constitute the prominent elements of an Arabian ornamental design, combining also Arabic inscriptions ; composed of a mass of foliation or floral forms conventionally disguised, as the exclusion of all natural images was the fundamental principle of the style in its purity. The Alhambra dis plays almost endless specimens of this peculiar work, all in relief, highly coloured, and profusely enriched with gold. The mosque of Touloun, in Cairo, 876 A.D., the known work of a Greek, affords the completest example of this art in its early time ; and Sicily contains many remains of this same exquisite Saracenic decoration. Such is the genuine Arabesque of the Arabs, but a very different style of design is now implied by the term the Arabesque of the cinquecento, a purely classical ornamenta tion. This owes its origin to the excavation and recovery of ancient monuments, and was developed chiefly by the sculptors of the north, and the painters of Central Italy ; by the Lombardi of Venice, by Agostino Busti of Milan, by Bramanti of Urbino, by Raphael, by Giulio Romano, and others of nearly equal merit. Very beautiful examples in sculpture of this cinquecento Arabesque are found in the churches of Venice, Verona, and Brescia ; while in painting, the most complete speci mens are those of the Vatican Loggie, and the Villa Madama at Rome and the ducal palaces at Mantua. The Vatican Arabesques, chiefly executed for Raphael by Giulio Romano, Gian Francesco Peuui, and Giovanni da Udine, though beautiful as works of painting, are often very extravagant in their composition, ludicrous, and sometimes aesthetically offensive ; as are also many of the decorations of Pompeii. The main features of these designs are balanced scrolls in panels ; or standards variously composed, but symmetrically scrolled on either side, and on the tendrils of these scrolls are suspended or placed birds and animals, human figures and chimeras, of any or all kinds, or indeed any objects that may take the fancy of the artist. But he is limited by the laws of aesthetics ; his designs must be symmetrical or they will want harmony, and they must not offend against mechanical possibility or the principle of gravitation, or they will be ridiculous : nothing that outrages aesthetic sensibility can ever be beautiful. The most perfect specimens of cinquecento Arabesque are certainly found in sculpture. As specimens of exquisite work may be mentioned the Martinengo tomb, in the church of the Padri Riformati at Brescia, and the facade of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoii there, by the Lombardi ; and many of the carvings of the Chateau de Gaillon, France all of which fairly illustrate the beauties and capabilities of the style. This kind of decoration need not, however, be limited to architectural panels and pilasters ; it is applicable for large surface decoration, and for manufactures, whether in wood or metal, or textile. It affords as much room also for tho display of colour as of form : some of the surface decora tions of Gsertner, in Munich, are splendid examples of delicacy of colour, showing how much may be effected by harmonious combinations in scroll-work of the most delicate gradations and tints. Good specimens of Arabesque, in manufactures, in casts, and in copies in colour, may now be seen in the South Kensington Museum. For fuller details of style, see Wornum, Analysis of Ornament, etc., 4to edition, 1874, illustrated. (K. N. w.) ARABGIR, or AEABKIK, a town of Turkey in Asia, in the vilayet of Sivas, situated in a deep ravine near a small tributary of the Euphrates, 150 miles S.S.W. of Trebizond. The inhabitants are enterprising and prosperous, many of them leaving their native city to push their fortunes else where, while of those that remain the greater part are employed in the manufacture of silk and cotton goods, or in the production of fruit. The present town was built at a comparatively recent date, but about 2 miles to the north east is the old town, now called Eski Shehr, containing the ruins of a castle and of other buildings. Arabgir con tains about GOOD houses. About three-fourths of the

population are Turks, and the remainder Armenians.