Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 2.djvu/527

GLOSSARY.] ARCHITECTURE 469 PARADISE, PARVISE, PARVYCE, a word of uncertain origin, but supposed to be a corruption of paradisus, an enclosed garden. Paradises were open places surrounded with an enceinte or stone parapet in front of cathedrals or other great buildings, and probably were used to keep the people from pressing on and confusing the marshalling of the public processions. That at N6tre Dame, at Paris, is of irregular shape; that at Amiens was round. Nothing of the kind is left in England, though, from a passage in Chaucer, it is supposed there was one in the front of Westminster Hall. The Promptorium Parvulorum calls a par- vise parlatorium, a place for conversation. The small chambers over porches have also been named parvises. The irregularly- shaped cloister at Chichester is still called a paradise. PARAPET (from the Italian parapctto, something which comes against the breast, i.e., to lean against, Fr. parapet, Ger. lirust- wchre), a dwarf wall along the edge of a roof, or round a lead flat, terrace walk, &c. , to prevent persons from falling over, and as a protection to the defenders in case of a siege. Parapets are either plain, embattled, perforated, or panelled. The last two are found in all Ftvles except the Norman. Plain parapets are simply portions of the wall generally overhanging a little, with a coping at the top and corbel table below. Embattled parapets are some times panelled, but oftener pierced for the discharge of arrows, &c. Perforated parapets are pierced in various devices as circles, trefoils, quatrefoils, and other designs so that the light is seen through. Panelled parapets are those ornamented by a series of panels, either oblong or square, and more or less enriched, but are not perforated. These are common in the Decorated and Perpendicular periods. PARASCEXIUM, in a Greek theatre, the wall at the back of the stage. I ARASTAS (Gr. irapaffrds, standing before), an end pilaster, the Greek term for which the Latin antce is generally used. (See ANTJE. ) PAHCLOSE, a word used for any enclosure to a chantry, tomb, &c. PAREMENT, a French term for the outside ashlar or casing of a rubble wall, which is tied together by through or bond stones. (See PERPENT.) PARGETTING, a species of plastering decorated by impressing patterns on it when wet. These seem generally to have been made by sticking a number of pins in a board in certain lines or curves, and then pressing on the wet plaster in various directions, so as to form geometrical figures. Sometimes these devices are in relief, and in the time of Elizabeth represent figures, birds, foliages, &e.; fine examples are to be seen at Ipswich, Maidstone, Newark, &c. The word (which is Latinised gypsacio in the Promptorium) may be derived from the old French glter, to cast, to throw, as outside plastering is often thrown against the laths to make it adhere better. (See ROUGH CAST.) PARVISE. See PARADISE. PATIN, PATAND, from the French patin, a wooden sole, clog, or patten. The sills in timber-framing are thus named in some old works, .though modern French authors call them sabliercs. PEDESTAL. An insulated stylobate is for the most part so called. The term is, moreover, generally applied to any parallclogramic or cylindrical mass, used as the stand or support of any single object, as a statue or vase. PEDIMENT, that part of a portico which rises above its entablature to inclose the end of the roof, whose triangular form it takes. The cornice of the entablature, or its corona, and part of the bed- mould only, with the addition of a cymatium, bounds its inclined sides, and gives it an obtuse angle at the apex. In Pointed archi tecture, however, the angle of a pediment is for the most part acute. PENDENT, a name given to an elongated boss, either moulded or foliated, such as hang down from the intersection of groins, especially in fan tracery, or at the end of hammer beams. Sometimes long corbels, under the w ill pieces, have been so called. The name has also been given to the large masses depending from enriched ceilings, in the later works of the Pointed style. PENDENT POSTS, a name given to those timbers which hang down the side of a wall from the plate, and which receive the hammer braces. PENDENTIVE, a name given to an arch which cuts off, as it were, the corners of a square building internally, so that the super structure may become an octagon or a dome. In mediaeval archi tecture these arches, when under a spire in the interior of a tower, are called SQUINCIIES (which see). PEIUBOLUS (Gr. vtpi, around or about, and &aw, to throw), an inclosure. Any inclosed space is a peribolus ; but the term is applied more particularly to the sacred enclosure about a temple. The wall forming the enclosure is also called the peribolus. PEUIPTEROS (Gr. wepi, around or about, and Trrtptv, a wing), a temple or other structure with the columns of its end prostyles, or porticoes, returned on its sides as wings at the distance of one ijitercolumniation from the walls. Almost all the Doric temples of the Greeks were peripteral. The ternu is applied by Yitruvius to perisrylar stru :tures. PERISTYLE (Gr. irtpt, around or about, and <rrvos, a column), a range of columns encircling an edifice, such as that which sur rounds the cylindrical drum under the cupola of St Paul s. The columns of a Greek peripteral temple form a peristyle also, the former being a circular, and the latter a quadrilateral peristyle. PERPENT STONES (Fr. parpaing), bond or "through stones," the Siar6vot of the Greeks and Romans. Long stones going right through walls, and tying them together from face to face. PERRON, the grand flight of external steps entering the mansions of the mediaeval nobility or high officials, and considered in itself as a mark of jurisdiction, as it is said that sentence was there pronounced against criminals, who were afterwards executed at the foot of the steps as at the Giant Stairs at Venice. One of the finest later examples is the flight in the Horse-shoe Court at Foutainebleau. PEWS, a word of uncertain origin, signifying fixed seats in churches, composed of wood framing, mostly with ornamented ends. They seem to have come into general use early in the reign of Henry VI., and to have been rented and "well payed for" (see Bale s linage of Both Churches) before the Reformation. Some bench ends are certainly of Decorated character, and some have been considered to be of the Early English period. They are some times of plain oak board, 2^ to 3 inches thick, chamfered, and with a necking and finial generally called a poppy head; others are plainly panelled with bold cappings; in others the panels are ornamented with tracery or with the linen pattern, and sometimes with running foliages. The divisions are filled in with thin chamfered boarding, sometimes reaching to the floor, and some times only from the capping to the seat. PIERS, the solid parts of a wall between windows and between voids generally. The term is also applied to masses of brickwork or masonry which are insulated to form supports to gates or to carry arches. PIGNOX, a French term for the gable of a roof. (See GABLE.) PILASTER (from Lat. pila, a pillar), an inferior sort of column ov pillar; a projection from or against a pier, with the form and decorations of anta;, but frequently (always in Roman examples) having capitals, like those of columns, assigned them. PILLAR, or PYLLER (Fr. pilier, Ital. pilastro, colonna, Ger. Pfeilcr), a word generally used to express the round or polygonal piers or those surrounded with clustered columns, which cany the main arches of a building. Saxon and early Norman pillars are generally stout cylindrical shafts built up of small stones. Some times, however, tln-y are quite square, sometimes with other squares breaking out of them (this is more common on the Conti nent), sometimes with angular shafts, and sometimes they are plaiu octagons. In Romanesque Norman work the pillar is sometimes square, with two or more semicircular or half columns attached. In the Early English period the pillars become loftier and lighter, and in most important buildings are a series of clustered columns, frequently of marble, placed side by side, sometimes set at inter vals round a circular centre, and sometimes almost touching each other. These shafts are often wholly detached from the central pillar, though grouped round it, in which case they are almost always of Purbeck or Eethersden marbles. In Decorated work the shafts on plan are very often placed round a square set angle- wise, or a lozenge, the long way down the nave; the centre or core itself is often worked into hollows or other mouldings, to show between the shafts, and to form part of the composition. In this and the latter part of the previous style there is generally a fillet on the outer part of the shaft, forming what has been called a keel moulding. They are also often as it were tied together by bands formed of rings of stone and sometimes of metal. About this period, too, these intermediate mouldings run up into and form part of the arch moulds, the impost not being continuous ; or rather there is no impost, but the shafts have each their own separate cap. (See IMPOST.) This arrangement became much more frequent in the Perpendicular period; in fact it was almost universal, the commonest section being a lozenge set with tho long side from the nave to the aisle, and not towards the other arches, as in the Decorated period, with four shafts at the angles, between which were shallow mouldings, one of which in general was a wide hollow, sometimes with wave moulds. As the pillar altogether by the arrangement was wider than the wall above, the shafts facing the nave ran up to the roof, and served in place of the vaulting shafts of the previous periods. The small pillars at the jambs of doors and windows, and in arcades, and also those slender columns attached to pillars, or standing detached, are generally called SHAFTS (which see.) PILLOWED. A swollen or rounded frieze is said to be pillowed or pulvinatcil. PINNACLE (Fr. pinacle, finoison, Ital. pinacolo, literally a littlu feather Ger. Pinnalcyl), an ornament originally forming tho cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations. Some writers have stated there were no Norman pinnacles ; but

conical caps to circular buttresses, with a sort of finial, are not