the various combinations and difficulties with which he
had subsequently to contend.Though a man of great personal strength, which he is said to have displayed, when young, in election riots at Preston, Arkwright never enjoyed good health. During the whole of his memorable career of invention and dis covery, he was labouring under a very severe asthmatic affection. A complication of disorders at length terminated his truly useful life in 1792, at his works at Cromford, in the sixtieth year of his age. He was high sheriff of Derbyshire in 1786 ; and, having presented a congratula tory address from the wapentake of Wirksworth to his Majesty George III., on his escape from the attempt on his life by Margaret Nicholson, received the honour of knight hood. No man ever better deserved his good fortune, or has a stronger claim on the respect and gratitude of pos terity. His inventions have opened a new and boundless field of employment ; and while they have conferred infinitely more real benefit on his native country than she could have derived from the absolute dominion of Mexico and Peru, they have been universally productive of wealth and enjoyment.
ARLES (Arelate), a city of France, in the department of Bouches du Rhone, 46 miles north-west of Marseilles, in lat. 43 40 18" N., long. 4 37 46" E. It stands on the left bank of the Rhone, where that river divides to form its delta. It is generally well built, with regular streets and fine quays. The public buildings consist of the town-hall, dating from Louis XIV., and built after plans by Mansart ; the cathedral of St Trophime, founded in the 7th century and remarkable for its portico ; a college, museum, school of navigation, and public library. The building of railway waggons, &c., is largely carried on, as well as the manufacture of silk, glass-bottles, and soap, and the sausages of Aries are famed for their excellence. The trade in agricultural produce, oil, wine, fruits, cattle, wool, and salt, is considerable. A canal (called after the city) has been constructed from Aries to the harbour of Bouc on the Mediterranean, and a connection is formed with the canals of Beaucaire and Craponne. The latter affords communication with the Durance. Population in 1872, 24,695.
Arelate was an important town at the time of Caesar s invasion, and subsequently received a Roman colony, and became under the later emperors one of the most flourish ing towns on the further side of the Alps. It was pillaged in 270 A.D., but restored and embellished by Constantino, who made it his principal residence, and founded what is now the suburb of Trinquetaille. After the fall of the Roman empire the city passed into the power of the Visigoths, and rapidly declined. It was plundered in 730 by the Saracens, but in the 10th century became the capi tal of a kingdom of the same name, formed by Bozon from the two kingdoms of Burgundy. In the 1 2th century it was a free city, governed by consuls and podestats after the model of the Italian republics, which it also emulated in commerce and navigation. In 1251 it submitted to Charles of Anjou, and from that time onwards followed the fortunes of Provence. A number of ecclesiastical councils have been held here, as in 314, when the Dona- tists were condemned, 354, 452, and 475. Aries still possesses many monuments of Roman architecture and art, the most remarkable being the ruins of an amphi theatre (arenes), capable of containing 20,000 spectators, which was turned, by Abd-el-Rahman, into a fortress and flanked with four massive towers, of which two are Btill standing. There are also a theatre, in which, besides the famous Venus of Aries, discovered in 1651, many other remains have been found ; an ancient obelisk of a single block, 47 feet high, erected in 1676 in the Place Royale ; and the ruins of two temples, an aqueduct, and a triumphal arch. There is, besides, a Roman cemetery of great beauty, which has been laid out as a public pleasure- ground, and bears the name of Aylscamps or Etiscamps, which hardly conceals the original designation, " jKlysii Campi." (>See Clair, Monuments d Aries, 1837 ; Millin, Voy. dans les depart, du Midi de la France ; Estrangin, Etudes archcol. sur Aries.)
ARLON (Orolaunum in the Antonine Itinerary), the capital of the Belgian province of Luxemburg, is situated on a rising ground in the midst of a well-cultivated plain. It is a flourishing place of some 5000 or 6000 inhabitants, who are engaged in the manufacture of iron-wares, tobacco, crockery, and clay-pipes, and carry on a trade in grain. Antiquities found on the spot seem to indicate a Roman settlement. Under its present name the town is mentioned in 870. At one time an independent marquisate, it was united to the countship of Luxemburg in 1214. In the neighbourhood was the nunnery of Clairefontaine or Bardenburg, established about 1216, which is now a foundry.
force or fleet, is applied specially to designate the great expedition sent out against England in 1588 by Philip of Spain. His principal motive for this enterprise was the desire to strike a decisive blow at the Protestant faith, of which England was then the bulwark. For many months the whole energies of the Spanish nation had been directed towards the construction and equipment of the requisite ships. In 1587 everything was nearly ready, but the sail ing of the expedition was delayed for a year by Drake, who made a bold dash into the harbour of Cadiz and destroyed nearly a hundred ships, with immense stores of provisions. A further delay was caused by the sudden death of the marquis of Santa Cruz, who had been originally intrusted with the chief command. His loss was a serious blow to the Spanish. cause, for he was an experienced sailor. The duke of Medina Sidonia, a man almost entirely ignorant of naval affairs, was then made admiral. All preparations being at length completed, the great fleet sailed from Lisbon on the 29th (19th o. s.) May 1588. It consisted of 129 large vessels, and carried 19,295 soldiers, 8460 sailors, besides slaves as rowers, and 2431 cannon. Their destination was the coast of Flanders, where Alexander Farnese, prince of Parma, was lying with about 35,000 men and a flotilla of boats. This force was to be landed on the Isle of Thanet at the mouth of the Thames, under the protection of the Armada, which would be able to keep the Channel perfectly clear. Another body of troops was then to be landed further north ; and it had been hoped at one time that the duke of Guise would effect a diversion by landing a force on the west coast. These plans, however, were considerably deranged by the length of time occupied in preparing the expedition, and by the further delays encountered. For the fleet had scarcely sailed from Lisbon, when it was overtaken by a severe storm, which shattered several of the ships, and compelled them all to put in for repairs at Coruna. It was the 22d (12th) July before they finally sailed from Spain. England meanwhile had not been idle ; when the news arrived that the great expedition was really about to set out, the most intense enthusiasm took possession of the people, who gladly furnished ships and stores, and raised volunteer bands for coast defence. The command of the army was given to the earl of Leicester, who took his post, with about 16,000 men, at Tilbury to oppose the landing of Parma. About 45,000 were assembled round the Queen, to protect her person. The royal navy, which consisted of about thirty ships, was at once put in order, and gradually increased, by the addition of merchantmen
and privateers, to about 180 vessels. These carried about
