trons, may be estimated at about 150,000), and twelve years contingents of about 40,000; or a total, after allow ing for casualties, of between 500,000 and 600,000. The actual organisation, however, only provides for incorporating about one-third of this number. Service in the landsturm is voluntary, except in Tyrol, where all the male popula tion capable of bearing arms are enrolled, and divided into two classes; the first including all between 18 and 39 who are not actually serving in the army or landwehr, the second those between 30 and 45. All liability ceases at
the age of 45.The standing anny consists of—
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Ponce . War Establishment. Establishment. 80 Regiments of Infantry, 149,720 485,440 40 Battalions of Rifles, ". 19,860 58, 430 Total Infantry, 169,580 41 Regiments of Cavalry, 44,000 1 3 Regiments Field Artillery, 19, 21 12 Battalions Garrison, 7,790 543,870 58,670 41,870 18,910 Total Artillery, 27, 000 2 Regiments of Engineers, 5,710 1 Regiment of Pioneers, 2,800 72 Squadrons of Train, 2,COO Engineers and Train, 11,110 Miscellaneous Establishments, 3,860 60,780 16,350 7,750 30,900 55,000 33,760 Grand Total, 275,550 (52,080
with 644 guns on peace establishment, and 1600 on war establishment. There is no special corps of guards, as in the Prussian and Russian armies; the "imperial and royal guards," which include the archers of the body guard, the palace guard, the Hungarian crown guard, &c., only number 600 in all; and their duties are cere monial and police rather than combatant.
Infantry.—An Austrian infantiy regiment consists of 5 field battalions of 4 companies each, and 1 depot battalion of 5 companies. In peace time the first three battalions are maintained on a peace establishment of 386 of all ranks, the fourth and fifth on a reduced or- cadre establishment of 300, and the depot battalion in cadre only (21 officers and non-commissioned officers). The first three battalions are mobile, their stations being determined by the ordre de bataille; and they are always under the immediate command of the colonel of the regiment. The fourth and fifth and depot battalions remain permanently at the headquarter station of the regimental recruiting district, and are under the command of a colonel or lieutenant-colonel (regimental second in command), called the reserve commander, who is .also head of the recruiting district, and charged with all duties connected with the annual conscription, calling out of reserves, &c. The captain commanding the depot battalion acts as his assistant in these duties. The staff of the depot battalion conduct all business relating to the muster-rolls and registers of reserve and furlough men, and have custody of the augmentation stores of clothing, arms, ammunition, &c. Its own muster-roll is composed mainly of men who, after an eight weeks train ing, have been sent on furlough, but held ready to fill vacancies occurring in the field battalions. The annual contingent of recruits is distributed among the five field battalions, and trained at their headquarters. In war time the five field battalions are raised to a war strength of 952 of all ranks, and the depot battalion to 1155, by calling in the reserve and furlough men.
If the field force is still found insufficient, a sixth field battalion may be formed from the first four companies of the depot battalion ; and the fifth dspot company, under the com mand of the deputy of the district commander, then takes over all the depot duties, being augmented for the purpose. The regiment forms two distinct bodies, the first three battalions, under the regimental commander, taking their place in the active army according to the ordre de bataille; the remaining two (or three) forming a " reserve regiment," bearing the same number, which may or may not be brigaded with its own regiment.
A rifle battalion consists of four field companies, a reserve company, and a depot company: the four field companies forming a field battalion, which is stationed according to the ordre de bataille, while the reserve and depot companies remain at the recruiting headquarters. In peace time the field battalion has a strength of 460 of all ranks, the reserve company 72, and the depot company a cadre only. In war the field battalion is augmented to 989, the reserve company to 240, and the depot company to 232. The 40 reserve companies are formed into 10 reserve battalions of 4 companies each ; and, if necessary, 10 additional reserve battalions can be formed from the depot companies, leaving only a sufficient staff to train the "Ersatz" reserve and perform the other depot duties. Seven of the existing rifle battalions form together the " Imperial Tyrol Rifle Regiment;" the remainder are single battalions, numbered from 1 to 33.
The Austrian infantry stand two deep, but in somewhat looser order than is usual in other armies; their usual formation is in line of company columns, with intervals of three paces if in " mass," or deploying intervals if extended, the companies being formed in columns of sections. Their movements are rather loose but quick; and their new drill gives great independence of action to captains and sub ordinate commanders. They are armed with breech-load ing rifles, partly on the " Wanzl" pattern, and partly on the "Werndl." The troops armed with the former carry 60 rounds, those armed with the latter 72 rounds of am munition; and the regimental ammunition waggons cany in addition 30 rounds for the former and 36 for the latter. The old white tunic, long distinctive of the Austrian army, has been abolished, and replaced by a serviceable blue-grey uniform. The Hungarian regiments are distinguished by wearing pantaloons, fitting close to the leg and going inside the boot, instead of the trousers worn by the rest of the infantry.
Cavalry.—The cavalry consists of 14 regiments of dra goons, 16 of hussars, and 11 of lancers. The cuirassiers were converted into dragoons after the war of 1866 (only 2 dragoon regiments existed at the outbreak of that war), and the distinction between the heavy and light cavalry was abolished at the same time. The dragoon regiments are mostly raised in the German provinces of Austria, the hussars in Hungary, and the lancers in the Polish provinces.
and a reserve squadron. The 6 field squadrons are kept permanently on a Avar footing, and form the field regiment which in peace time is stationed according to the ordre de bataille, and in war joins the active army: its establish ment is 30 officers, 996 non-commissioned officers and men, and 900 horses. The reserve squadron does not exist in peace time, but is formed on mobilisation from the depot, and has the same establishment as a field squadron (171 men and 150 horses); it is chiefly employed as "staff" cavalry, to furnish orderlies, escort convoys, watch lines of communication, etc. The depot squadron is main tained as a cadre only (19 of all ranks) in peace time, but in war time, besides forming the reserve squadron, is itself raised to a strength of a field squadron. The depot cadre is permanently stationed in the recruiting district (a cavalry resriment recruits from one or more adjoining infantry
