he acquired great influence. A popular insurrection at Rome (1146) encouraged him to proceed to that city, where he appeared as a political agitator, preaching the deposition of the Pope and the restoration of the ancient republic. He became exceedingly popular, and aided in expelling the Pope from the city, but no practical effect appears to hava been given to his plans. The Romans obtained, however, a free constitution on a different model. Upon their demanding the confirmation of this at the accession of the new Pope, Adrian IV. (the Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear), it was refused unless upon condition of their delivering up Arnold. The demand being indignantly rejected, the city, for the first time in history, was laid under an interdict. The consequent suspension of all religious services so powerfully affected the people as to occasion a tumult, which compelled Arnold to take refuge in a castle in Campania (1155). A new emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, had meanwhile been elected, and was on the way to his coronation in Rome. By him Arnold was arrested and delivered up to the Pope, and the Roman constitution suppressed. Arnold was hanged, his body burned, and the ashes thrown into the Tiber. In history he ranks with Rienzi and Savonarola. His enemies have been his bio graphers, and they are unanimous in acknowledging his eloquence, his personal influence, and his perfect disin terestedness. Allowing for a romantic attachment to antiquated political forms, he was as a politician greatly in advance of his age. The best proof of his truly prophetic insight into the needs of his country is that, although he left no writings and no disciples, his name is to this day a popular cry in Italy. It is also the subject of, perhaps, the only truly national Italian drama, a tragedy by Niccolini. (Franke, Arnold von Brescia ; Guibal, Arnaud de Brescia et les Ilohenstau/en; Gregorovius, Rom im, Mit-
telalter, vol. iv.)ARNOLD, Samuel, a distinguished English composer, was bora at London in 1740. He received a thorough musical education at the Chapel Royal under Dr Nares, and when little more than twenty years of age was appointed composer at Covent Garden Theatre. Here, in 1765, he produced his popular opera, The Maid of the Mill. In 1776 he transferred his services to the Haymarket Theatre. In 1783 he was made composer to George III., and, ten years later, organist in Westminster Abbey, where, on his death in 1802, he was interred. His operas were very numerous and popular, but they have not lived. The best of them were The Maid of the Mill, Rosamond, Inkle and Yarico, The Battle of Hexham, The Mountaineers. He also wrote several oratorios, which have shared the fate of his operas. The first of them was The Cure of Saul, in 1767, which was very successful. The others are AUmelech, The Resurrec tion, and The Prodigal Son. In 1 786 he began an edition of Handel s works, which extended to 40 volumes, but was never completed. It is considered extremely inaccurate. He also published a continuation, in 4 volumes, of Dr Boyce s Cathedral Music.
ARNOLD, Thomas, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at West Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, on the 13th of June 1795. He was the son of William and Martha Arnold, the former of whom occupied the situation of collector of customs at Cowes. Deprived at an early age of his father, who died suddenly of spasm in the heart in 1801, his initiatory education was confided by his mother to her sister, Miss Delafield, who, with affec tionate fidelity, discharged the office with which she had been intrusted. From her tuition he passed to that of Dr Griffiths, at Warminster, in Wiltshire, in 1803; and in 1807 he was removed to Winchester, where he remained until 1811, having entered as a commoner, and afterwards become a scholar of the college. In after life he retained a lively feeling of interest in Winchester School, and remembered with admiration and profit the regulative tact of Dr Goddard, and the preceptorial ability of Dr Gabell, who were successively headmasters during his stay there.
From Winchester he removed to Oxford in 1811, where he became a scholar at Corpus Christi College ; in 1815 he was elected Fellow of Oriel College ; and there he continued to reside till 1819. This interval was diligently devoted to the pursuit of classical and historical studies, to prepar ing himself for ordination, and to searching investigations, under the stimulus of continual discussion with a band of talented and congenial associates, of some of the pro- foundest questions in theology, ecclesiastical polity, and social philosophy. The authors he most carefully studied at this period were Thucydides and Aristotle, and for their writings he formed an attachment which remained to the close of his life, and exerted a powerful influence upon his mode of thought and opinions, as well as upon his literary occupations in subsequent years. Herodotus also came in for a considerable share of his regard, but more, apparently, as a book of recreation than one for work. In theology, his mind, accustomed freely and fearlessly to investigate what ever came before it, and swayed by an almost scrupulous dread of aught that might appear to savour of insincerity, was doomed to long and anxious hesitation upon several points of fundamental importance before arriving at a serene and settled acceptance of the great verities of Chris tianity. Once satisfied, however, of these, his faith remained clear and firm , and having received his religion, not by tradition from men, but as the result of an earnest, penetrating, and honest examination of the evidence on which it rests, he not only held it with a steadfast grasp, but realised it, and felt it as a living and guiding power. From this time forward his life became supremely that of a religious man. To the name of Christ he was prepared to " surrender his whole soul," and to render before it " obedience, reverence without measure, intense humility, most unreserved adoration" (Sermons, vol. iv. p. 210). He did not often talk about religion ; he had no inclination to gossip about his experience, or dwell upon the frames and feelings through which he passed ; he had not much of the accredited phraseology of piety even when he discoursed on spiritual topics ; but no man could observe him for any length of time without feeling persuaded that more than most men he was directed by religious principle and feeling iu all his conduct. The fountain of his piety was in his heart s core ; and its streams mingled easily with all the issues of his life. As his bio grapher has beautifully remarked, " his natural faculties were not unclothed, but clothed upon ; they were at once coloured by, and gave a colour to, the belief which they received."
He left Oxford in 1819 and settled at Laleham, near Staines, where he was occupied chiefly in superintending the studies of seven or eight young men who were prepar ing for the university. His spare time was devoted to the prosecution of studies in philology and history, more par ticularly to the study of Thucydides, and of the new light which had been cast upon Roman history and upon histori cal method in general by the researches of Niebuhr. He was also occasionally engaged in preaching, and it was whilst here that he published the first volume of his sermons. Shortly after he settled at Laleham, he entered into the marriage relation with Mary, youngest daughter of the Rev. John Penrose, rector of Fledborough, Notting hamshire.
offer himself as a candidate for the head-mastership of Rugby, which had become vacant ; and though he entered
somewhat late upon the contest, and though none of the
