adhere more or less strictly to the order of years. The best known are Grotius s Annales et Historia de Rebus Belgicis (Arnst. 1557), written in imitation of Tacitus; Baronius s Annales Ecclesiastici, comprising the first twelve centuries of the Christian era; Hailes s Annals of Scotland from the Accession of Malcolm III. to the Accession of tlie Home of Stuart; Chambers s Domestic Annals of Scotland; and the Annales de Chimie, founded in 1789 by Lavoisier and others, and continued, with two interruptions, down to the present
time.ANNAMABOE, or Anamaboe, a British fort and town on the Gold Coast of Africa, about 10 miles E.N.E. of Cape Coast Castle. It exports palm oil, ivory, gold dust, pea nuts, and Guinea grains; and in return its imports of manufactured goods are considerable. The town suffered severely during the invasion of the Ashantees in 1807, but the fort, although garrisoned only by a few soldiers, resisted the whole Ashantee host. Population about 4500.
ANNAN, a royal and parliamentary burgh of Scotland, in the county of Dumfries, situated on the riper Annan, nearly two miles from the Solway Firth, and about fifteen from Dumfries. It is a well-built town, containing a town hall, a .parish church, several dissenting chapels, and an excellent academy. The river Annan which has been embanked, is navigable for vessels of 300 tons up to within half a mile of the town, and for vessels of 60 tons to the bridge, a fine structure of three arches built in 1824. Annan is a station on the G. and S.-W. Railway, and is connected with the main line of the Caledonian Railway, and also with England, by the Solway Junction branch which crosses the firth by means of a very strong viaduct. The principal manufactures are cotton, ropes, and cured hams ; shipbuilding and salmon fishing are also carried on, while there is a considerable trade with England, the chief exports being cured hams, cattle, sheep, and grain. The town, which is governed by a provost and fourteen councillors, including three bailies, unites with Dumfries, Kirkcud bright, Lochmaben, and Sanquhar, in returning one mem ber to parliament. In 1871 the population of the royal burgh was 4174, of the parliamentary, 3172.
Annan, a river rising near the source of the Tweed, in the range of hills that lies on the confines of the counties of Dumfries, Lanark, Peebles, and Selkirk. About two miles beyond Moffat it receives two large tributaries, the Moffat Water, which flows westward from Loch Skene, a mountain lake in the north-eastern corner of Dumfriesshire, and the Evan Water, which flows eastward from the upper part of Lanarkshire. The Annan has a total length of about 40 miles, and below its junction with the Moffat and the Evan it is joined by the Kennel Water from the west and the Dryfe Water from the east. Annan- dale was once the name of a stewartry which comprehended a large portion of Dumfriesshire.
ANNAPOLIS, a seaport town of the United States, the capital of Maryland, situated on the Severn, about 2 miles from its mouth in Chesapeake Bay, and about 25 in a direct line from Washington, with which it is connected by railway. It is a neat, regularly-built place, but the trade which at one time seemed likely to enrich it has been transferred almost entirely to Baltimore, and Annapolis is now little more than the political capital of the state. It contains handsome Government buildings, a college, and the United States Naval Academy, which was established at Annapolis in 1845, and was for a time removed to Newport, Rhode Island. Providence, as Annapolis was first called, was founded in 1649, but it did not get a charter until 1708, when it also received its present name in honour of Queen Anne. It has been the seat of government since 1689. Population in 1870, 5744.
ANNAPOLIS, a town of Nova Scotia, capital of Annapolis county, and up to 1750 of the -whole peninsula, situated on an arm of the Bay of Fundy, at the mouth of a river also called Annapolis, 95 miles west of Halifax. Annapolis is one of the oldest settlements in North America, having been founded in 1604 by the French, who called it Port Royal ; it was finally captured by the British in 1710, and was ceded to them by the treaty of 1 7 1 3. It possesses a good harbour, but its trade at present is small. Apples of a very fine quality are grown in the surrounding country. Population, 1500.
ANN ARBOR, a town of the United States, the capital of Washtenaw county, Michigan, situated upon the Huron, about 40 miles west of Detroit, with which it is connected by the Michigan Central Railway. The town, which is healthy and well built, is a place of considerable commercial importance, its chief manufactures being iron, wool, and flour, while the trade in the produce of the surrounding district is large and valuable. It is the seat of the university of Michigan, a liberally-endowed institution, founded in 1837, and at present containing three subsidiary colleges devoted to legal, medical, and literary studies respectively, with a total attendance, in 1870, of 1072 students. The college buildings are large and pleasantly situated, and the university possesses a library, an observatory, and a chemical laboratory. The population of Ann Arbor in 1870 was 7363.
be customary for those who were ordained to ecclesiastical offices to pay a fee or tax to the ordaining authorities ; and this tax at length amounted to a half or the whole of a year s income. When, in course of time, the Roman See had appropriated the right of consecration, the money was paid into the Papal treasury, not, according to the defenders of the system, as a remuneration for the benefice conferred, but as a natural contribution to the maintenance of the Pope and his ecclesiastical government. These annates, or first-fruits, were of different kinds, though the chief features were the same in all. First, When a bishop, archbishop, or abbot received his investiture, he paid to the Pope a year s revenue of his new benefice (servitia com- munia) ; Secondly, If his benefice was one of those " re served " by the Pope, he handed over to the Papal treasury the annates paid to him by those whom he at any time collated to livings in his diocese (annalia, medii fncctus, jus deportuum); Thirdly, According to a bull of Paul II. in 1469, if benefices were united to certain communities, the annates were only to be paid every fifteen years, and not at every presentation (quindenia) ; and, Fourthly, A small addition was made to the servitia communia as a kind of notarial fee (servitia minuta). It must not be supposed that this system ever was worked with absolute uniformity and completeness throughout the various parts of the Papal domain. There were continual disagreements and disputes : the central authorities endeavouring to maintain and extend this most important of their financial schemes, and the subordinate ecclesiastics doing their best to get rid of the impost altogether, or to transmute it into some less objectionable form. The subject frequently became one of national interest, on account of the alarming amount of specie which was thus drained away, and hence numerous enactments exist in regard to it by the various national governments. In England the annates, which had previously been paid for the most part to the arch bishop of Canterbury, were claimed by John XXII. (1316- 1334) for three years, and permanently usurped by his successors till the time of Henry VIII. , when, in 1531, their collection was prohibited. At that time the sum amounted to about 3000 a year. On the completion of the
Reformation, the annates were, along with the supremacy,
